Top Level Category

Table of Contents

1. Contents of Top Level Category
   1. Citing sources (How do I cite a journal? A blog? An article...)
      1. APA
      2. Chicago / Turabian
      3. MLA
   2. Information for teachers and librarians (Articles to help teachers and librarians use...)
   3. Subscription management (Usage statistics, subscription information,...)

Top Level Category

I have a question about how to do something in NoodleBib

Use the searchable Web version of our user's guide to answer your questions about how specific features in NoodleBib work:

http://www.noodletools.com/noodlebib/usersguide/

I NEED MORE HELP!

If you experience a problem with the software or need assistance, and this knowledge base does not provide the information you are looking for, please try these additional resources:

1. Read the NoodleBib User's Guide (a PDF version is also available).

2. If you have a "How do I cite…?" question, click the "Have a Question?" link next to one of the citations in your list to get personal assistance from NoodleTools experts.

3. If you are unable to access the Web site at all and you believe the issue may be on our side, check the NoodleTools Server Status Website (NoodleTools.info) to determine if (and why) the server is offline.

4. Take a look at the Powerpoint presentations and movie tutorials available in the NoodleTools Support Center File Library.

5. Search the archives of Noodling, the NoodleTools Weblog.

6. If you have a question about how to use NoodleBib, or about the status of your subscription, submit a ticket in the NoodleTools Support Center.

What is my Personal ID?

In NoodleBib, your work is stored in a "personal folder." Your "personal ID" (and password) is your key to your personal folder. It identifies you uniquely, and allows you to access your personal folder from any computer that has Internet access and a Web browser.

Important: Your personal ID is NOT THE SAME as your school or library subscription username/password!

If you are an "individual user" (i.e., you purchased a personal/family subscription to NoodleTools using PayPal or PayFlow Link), a personal folder was created automatically for you when you subscribed. Just log in using the username and password you selected on the sign-up form. You do not need to click the Create a new folder link on the login screen. If you already have a personal ID but cannot remember it, you can click here to retrieve it. If you are not yet subscribed, you can subscribe now.

The first time you use NoodleBib, you will need to select a personal ID and password for yourself.

Follow these steps:

1. Go to the login page (if your school/library has a link to the login page, use that rather than clicking through from the home page).
   
2. Click the Create a Personal ID button.
   
3. If prompted, select "An account linked to a school/library subscription or trial" and click Register.
   
4. If you are not authenticated automatically into the subscription, enter your school/library username and password.
   
5. On the following screen, define your personal ID and password and click Register. In the future, you'll just use your new personal ID and password to log in. You will no longer need to know your school/library login.

Using the free NoodleBib MLA Starter tool?

The first time you use NoodleBib MLA Starter, you will need to select a personal ID and password for yourself.

Follow these steps:

1. Go to the NoodleBib MLA Starter login page.
   
2. Click the Create a Personal ID button.
   
3. Select "A free NoodleBib MLA Starter account" and click Register.
   
4. On the following screen, define your personal ID and password and click Register. In the future, you'll use this new personal ID and password to log in.

What is NoodleBib?

Welcome to NoodleBib, a fully-integrated note-taking and documentation program which is anchored in the best practices of academic research and inquiry learning. Known as the most comprehensive and accurate bibliography composer on the Web, NoodleBib also includes a note-taking component which enables you to extract, organize and synthesize information that you find during the research process. NoodleBib is a flexible teaching tool which supports both individual learning preferences and a variety of teaching styles.

Taking notes and correctly citing your sources has never been easy, as the 50-70% of students who admit to plagiarism can testify. To extract, understand, summarize, synthesize and integrate notes from multiple online and print sources requires both analytical and creative thinking. Documenting those sources by sifting through hundreds of pages of the appropriate style manual is challenging – and the examples in those books don't always match the information you can find about the source you have. Finally, printed notes don't facilitate a comparison of the authority and value of your sources.

That's not to say that examples of notecards or citations aren't available. Many Web sites show samples of note-taking cards, examples of summaries and paraphrases, and thousands of Web sites contain citation examples. If you compare an example given on one site with a similar example on a different site, you are likely to become confused – they're inconsistent. University professors, database vendors, and librarians often disagree about methods and formats. Nor does telling you to "say it in your own words" provide you with the just-in-time scaffolding and organizational structure that can help you think and create your own work.

The NoodleBib solution: Convenient Web-based software to extract and organize notes from your sources as you build your working bibliography. Tools that help you think, assess, and synthesize ideas -- and complete a polished source list that accurately reflects the latest editions and interpretations of the MLA Handbook, APA Publication Manual, or Turabian's Manual for Writers (or Chicago Manual of Style).

Citing sources

(All Styles) How do I cite a listserv?

Cite an individual post on a listserv by selecting "Electronic Mailing List" as the citation type. If you are trying to cite the entire listserv, not just an individual post, use the "Web Site" citation type instead, providing the name of the listserv as the name of the Web site.

Whenever possible, site the version of the listserv post that has been archived on the listserv's Web site, rather than the e-mail that you receive. This allows your reader to locate the post as well.

(All Styles) How do I cite a search engine like Google, Yahoo or Bing?

When you do a search in Google or another search engine, the results represent links to external Web pages (not content published by the search company). Google software crawls the Web and creates an index of Web pages that that the robot "spider" finds. When you type search term(s) into the search box, Google's software searches this index. Therefore, there is no need to cite Google if all you have done is used it as a search engine to find other information. If you wish to indicate the search engine used, you can say something in your research paper like "When I searched [indicate the words you searched on] in Google..."

(All Styles) How do I cite a playbill?

What page numbers do I give if I am citing two parts of a single source?

Within a single article

If you are citing two "pieces" of a single article, cite the entire article in your bibliography and then refer to the specific pages in parenthetical references in the body of your paper.

Within a single source

If you are citing two articles or sections within a source (book, magazine, etc.), cite both articles/sections individually in your bibliography. In MLA, you can use cross references if you are citing two sections of an anthology.

Within a Web site

If you are citing two separate pages from a single Web site, provide individual entries in your bibliography for both sources.

(All Styles) What is the difference between a book and a reference book?

The distinction between a book and a reference book can be confusing. Some books that you might "reference" are still considered "books" for the purposes of citation.

Reference books are used to find factual information on a subject, and are not usually read all the way through or chapter by chapter. In a K-12 library, reference books are usually located in a special reference collection area, and cannot be checked out. Reference books include dictionaries, encyclopedias, thesauri, almanacs, atlases, and directories.

As a side note, in APA, the reader must also distinguish between reference books and what are called "annual periodicals." For example, consider a yearbook (which looks like a reference work). Annual periodicals often resemble edited books. To tell the difference, look at the publication's subtitle. If the subtitle changes annually, it should be treated as an edited book or reference work. If there is no subtitle, or the subtitle does not change year to year, it should be treated as an annual periodical.

(All Styles) How do I cite material from the appendix of a book?

Although citing the page number(s) used will essentially guide the reader of your bibliography to the proper place in the source (the appendix), it is generally clearer to also state the appendix letter as part of the section title, as in "Appendix A: Selected Reference Works by Field" (note capitalization of title differs depending on citation style).

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite a survey I distributed?

MLA does not offer specific advice on citing a survey that you have created yourself.  However, a survey is essentially a type of interview (MLA 5.7.7), therefore we suggest that you mirror that format.  

Last name, First name. "Name of survey." Survey. DD Month YYYY.

Example of print survey citation:

• Name of the Web site
• Publisher
• Date of publication
• Medium of publication - include the word "Web"
• Optional URL: A unique and persistent link or the search page URL.

Example of web survey citation:

Abilock, Damon. "Hot Lunch Options." Survey. Name of Web Site. Publisher of Web Site, 6 June 2009. Web. 29 Aug. 2009. <http://www.noodletools.com>.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite the United States Constitution, Declaration of Independence or the United States Code (USC)?

The new wording in section 5.7.14 also seems to suggest that Works Cited entries could be included for familiar historical documents like the U.S. Constitution or the Declaration of Independence. However, no examples are provided for these.  We suggest the following:

- If you are citing a web page with information about the Declaration or Constitution (even if it also has the document on it), you should use the Web page citation type.
- If you are citing the Declaration or Constitution itself, do not cite it in the works cited list. Both the Declaration and the Constitution are considered well-known documents that are only cited in a parenthetical reference.
- In your text, do not underline or use quotation marks for the words Declaration of Independence or Constitution of the United States, just use a parenthetical reference, as below

...in the Declaration of Independence (US 1776).

...In the Constitution of the United States, Article II refers to the "...." (sec.1, cl.3)

...in the U.S. Constitution (art. 2, sec. 1, cl.3.).

Unlike the previous edition, the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook indicates that an entry for the U.S. Code (USC) can be included in both the Works Cited list and parenthetical references. (In previous editions, the recommendation was to only include in-text references.)

However MLA provides seemingly contradictory information about how to cite the US Code, referring the reader to the Blue Book but then giving an example for that is not consistent with guidance in the Blue Book or even with the examples they had provided in the 6th edition of the MLA Handbook. Note that this is not currently offered as a citation type in NoodleBib.

Works Cited entry for the US Code * :

17 USC. Sec. 304. 2000. Print.

* Note that this should be alphabetized in your Works Cited list as if it began with "United States Code."

Use parenthetical (in-text) references as follows:

Example for the US Constitution:

...President can be impeached for "high crimes and misdemeanors" (US Const., art. 2, sec. 4).

This refers to Article 2, Section 4 on impeachment of the President in the United States Constitution.

Or for the 5th Amendment of the Bill of Rights:

(US Const., amend. V)

Example for the US Code:

...terrorist lookout committees within each United States mission to a foreign country (8 USC 1733, 2002) have been created.

This refers to Title 8, Section 1733 about aliens and nationality in the United States Code.

More about the US Code:

The USC is divided into 50 "titles." For example, the Internal Revenue Code is title 26, so a parenthetical reference for the Web page http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-tege/irc457.pdf would look like this: (26 USC 457, 2002).

Other titles include:

15 (Commerce and Trade, including trademark statutes)
17 (Copyrights)
18 (Federal criminal statutes)
26 (Internal Revenue Code, the federal tax law)
35 (Patents)
47 (Communications law: telephone, radio/television, etc.)

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite multiple essays, stories, poems or other short works from a single anthology?

To simplify citing several short works in an anthology, you can create one full citation for the entire anthology and then shorter citations that refer to (or "cross reference") that main entry (MLA 5.3.6).  Cross references are not required, but they can reduce repetition and improve the readability of your list. 

If you do not choose to use cross references, you must create a full citation for every short work in the anthology that you use, such as this example:

Hochschild, Arlie Russell. "Work: The Great Escape." Reading Culture: Contexts for Critical Reading and Writing. Ed. Diana George and John Trimbur. New York: Pearson-Longman, 2004. 366-74. Print. Rpt. of  "There's No Place Like Work." New York Times Magazine 20 Apr. 1997: 651.

NoodleBib does not currently support cross referencing, so follow this procedure to add cross references manually after you have saved your list in a word processor.

Procedure:

Create a citation for the entire anthology, including the editor(s) or compiler(s) in NoodleBib

George, Diana, and John Trimbur, eds. Reading Culture: Contexts for Critical Reading and Writing. 5th ed. New York: Pearson-Longman, 2004. Print.

For each selection that you refer to in your paper, provide the author and title of the selection, the last name(s) of the collection's editor(s), and the page numbers.

Hochschild, Arlie Russell. "Work: The Great Escape." George and Trimbur 366-74.

Lu, Min-Zhan. "From Silence to Words: Writing as Struggle." George and Trimbur 135-45.

If your works cited list includes a second work by the same editor(s), add an abbreviated title to distinguish the anthologies:

Lu, Min-Zhan. "From Silence to Words: Writing as Struggle." George and Trimbur, Reading Culture 135-45.

(MLA 7th ed.) What contributors do I need to credit when I cite a film or movie?

There are no specific requirements for what contributors to include. The director and producer are typically credited in a citation.

If your paper focuses on the performance of one or more of the actors, it would make sense to list those actors in the citation. Be sure you read the instructions next to the "Other people involved in production" field in NoodleBib. Names you provide should be preceeded by a title (By, Dir., Prod., etc.) and written in First - Middle - Last order. Each group of names should be separated with a period, as in:

By E. M. Forster. Dir. James Ivory. Prod. Ismail Merchant. Perf. Maggie Smith, Denholm Eliot, Helena Bonham Carter, and Daniel Day-Lewis. Adapt. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite a book on tape?

• Sound recording created in a professional or home studio (For radio, choose the second option)
• On the following screen, choose one of these options:

1. a recording on CD, DVD, audiocassette, or LP/record
2. a recording available online
3. a file independent from the Web or a published disc (e.g., an MP3 file on your computer)

• Yes, an album (CD, LP, etc.)- Entire album (or selection) reproduced online
• A reading

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite online streaming videos previously available in another medium?

Some streaming videos that are mounted on the Web were first published in another medium (5.6.2d).

One subscription database, Discovery Education,  provides content originally created by other distributors (e.g., Animal Planet, Science Channel, Aims Multimedia, Clearview & SVE, Weston Woods).  Here is their citation for a streaming video clip called "Lightsabers and Laser Beams."

Sci Fi Science with Michio Kaku: Lightsaber. Science Channel. 2009.Discovery Education. 26 December 2009 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>

Procedure: Choose the "Film or Video Recording" citation type, then select:

• Movie or film
• Online: Film or video clip available online (e.g., downloadable mpeg file, streaming video)
• A movie/film reproduced (whole or in part) online
• No, this is not an interview
  

Your citation with an optional URL looks like this:

Kaku, Michio, narr. Lightsabers and Laser Beams. Science Channel, 2009. Discovery Education. Web. 26 Dec. 2009. <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>.

Barnes, John. Shaw versus Shakespeare Part I: The Character of Caesar. Dir. and Prod. John Barnes. Perf. Richard Kiely, Suzanne Grossman, and Donald Moffat. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1970. Internet Archive. Web. 26 Dec. 2009. <http://www.archive.org/details/shaw_vs_shakespeare_1>.

Finally Netflix distributes videos from PBS that were television episodes, then DVDs and now available to subscribers as streaming videos as, for example:

Wood, Michael, host. In Search of Shakespeare. Dir. David Wallace. Perf. Gregory Doran, Desmond Barrett, Nancy Carroll, Ray Fearon, and Julian Glover. PBS, 2003. Netflix. Web. 26 Dec. 2009. <http://www.netflix.com/>.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite a recipe in a cookbook?

Case #1: A compiled cookbook with recipes by different cooks

If you are citing a print collection of recipes from various people or restaurants, treat it as an anthology.

Procedure: Choose "Anthology / Book Collection" as the citation type, then select

• Material in a collection / anthology
  
• Printed anthology or other book collection

Your citation will look like this:

Schreiber, Cory. "Dungeness Crab Salad with Citrus and Fennel." Comforting Foods. Comp. and ed. Norman Kolpas. New York: Macmillan, 1996. 43. Print.

NOTE:

• When the same person is both editor and compiler, Noodlbib formats it according to MLA 5.5.6.
  

Case #2: A cookbook with recipes by a single chef

If you are citing original recipes by one person, treat it as a book. To cite a single recipe, answer "a chapter or part of the book" when asked what content of the book you are citing.

Procedure: Choose "Book" as the citation type, then select:

• Book - an entire book or section of a book
• Print: Printed book
• A special section of the book (like an introduction or preface)

Your citation will look like this:

Yanguas, Josefina. "Garlic Soup - Sopa de Ajo." The Cambridge Iruña Cookbook of Spanish and Basque Dishes. Ed. Jean Anderson. Cambridge: Identity, 1966. 7. Print.

Case #3: A recipe online

Procedure: Choose "Web Site" as the citation type, then select:

• Web page or other Web-only nonperiodical publication
• No content type below applies

Touchet, Alexis. "Calvados Applesauce." Gourmet Magazine. Condé Nast, Jan. 2003. Web. 25 Dec. 2009. <http://www.gourmet.com/recipes/2000s/2003/01/calvadosapplesauce>.

Case #4: A chef's recipe in an editor-compiled cookbook online

Procedure: Choose "Book" as the citation type, then select:

• Anthology / book collection - A book that represents a collection of short works by one or more authors
• Material in a collection / anthology
• Online - Text of a printed anthology or other book collection available online
  

Falkner, Elizabeth. "S'More Brownies." Savoring San Francisco: Recipes from the City's Neighborhood Restaurants. Comp. and ed. Carolyn Miller and Sharon Smith. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Silverback, 2005. 158. Google Books. Web. 25 Dec. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=2Aoe8RRAAM0C&lpg=PT94&dq=recipes%20Danish&lr=&as_brr=1&pg=PT179#v=onepage&q=&f=false>.

NOTE:

• When the same people are both editor and compiler, Noodlbib formats it according to MLA 5.5.6.

(MLA 7th ed.) Should I include a URL in a citation? And what URL should I use?

• Your teacher or instructor requires it
• You would not be able to find your source by searching by the title or author's name

If one of the above is true, supply a URL including the access mode (http, ftp, gopher, telnet, news, etc.), unless the URL is too long (see #1 below) or unstable (see #2 below).

MLA (1.5.4) does suggest noting useful identifying information in a working bibliography to help you locate the source quickly while doing your research.  We suggest the following:

• Add the long but direct URL to your note cards.
  Add the document number or DOI to the annotation field.  When you are ready to export your source list, delete that information.  
  

How do I handle a long and complex URL?

Option #1: Omit it

When the direct URL to the source is very long and complex and would be difficult to transcribe accurately, you should omit the URL entirely.

Example of a long and complex Google Map URL:
<http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=1325+44th+Street+Brooklyn&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=55.323926,86.572266&ie=UTF8&layer=c&cbll=40.637388,-73.988489&panoid=Q9V1wsNB0bPg_NdWMx4XCw&cbp=12,40.01,,0,20.55&ll=40.637447,-73.988588&spn=0,359.997717&z=19&iwloc=A>

Option #2: Supply the search page URL

If you are required to provide a URL but it is complex, test whether you can locate the source using the author's name, title or keywords.

This is an example of a shorter but still complex American Memory URL:
<http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lprbscsm&fileName=scsm0717/lprbscsmscsm0717.db&recNum=0&itemLink=D?scsmbib:1:./temp/~ammem_kxrH::>.

If a source's URL is stable and unique, you will be able to return to the source in any browser. You can test this by following these instructions:

1. Navigate to the page you are trying to cite.
2. Either open a second browser window (not a new tab) or open a different browser (e.g., IE and Firefox).
3. Copy and paste the URL that appears in the first browser window's address field into the second browser window.
4. If the page that you are citing loads in the new window, then you know that the URL is unique and a direct link to the content.

• If the URL of the Web page ends in ".html", or ".htm" then the URL will usually be unique
• Page ending with ".asp", ".jsp", or ".php" are quite likely not unique.

What about database URLs?

• Some databases have short and stable URLs (e.g., Grolier and CQ Researcher). 
• If a URL is long and complex but stable (e.g., Gale, AP Images), supply the search page URL
  
  

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite an MP3 or other audio file?

Definition: An MP3 is a digital audio file format.  You will be asked to provide the file format in capital letters (MP3, WAV, AIFF, WMA, and MIDI) in your citation.  If you cannot determine the audio file format, you may use the description "Digital file" instead of a specific type. 

Generally you will encounter an audio file online on a Web page (Case #1) or as an independent digital file (Case #2). 

Procedure: For any digital audio file, choose "Sound Recording."  You will be asked to choose among the following recording options:

• Spoken or music recording created in a professional or home studio.  (We use this type to illustrate the cases below.)
  
• Spoken or music recording of a radio broadcast
• Spoken recording of a presentation given at a meeting/conference to a live audience

Case #1: An audio file of a professional recording on a Web page (MLA 5.7.2)

The Internet Archive recording of the Egmont Overture provides the following information:

Beethoven: Egmont Overture, Op. 84. New York Philharmonic. Willem Mengelberg, conductor. Victor 78rpm disc 7291. Recorded January 14, 1930.

Procedure: Choose "Sound Recording," then select:

• Sound recording created in a professional or home studio (not radio)
• Online: Recording available online
• Yes, an album (CD, LP, etc.) - Entire album (or selection) reproduced online
• A song or musical composition

Beethoven, [Ludwig van]. Egmont Overture, op. 84. Cond. Willem Mengelberg. Rec. 14 Jan. 1930. Victor. n.d. Internet Archive. Web. 24 Dec. 2009. <http://www.archive.org/details/BeethovenEgmontOverturemengelberg>.

NOTES:

• To emphasize the contribution of a particular person, such as the conductor, put his name in the first fields and other contributors in "Other people involved in recording."
• In German the middle particle (van) is generally in lowercase
• For the optional URL, we recommend that you supply the Web page with metadata which contains various file formats, not just to he MP3 itself which has no contextual information.
• Although Beethoven's full name was not given, you may complete a full name using square brackets around what you add, if you believe it will be helpful to your reader (MLA 5.5.2).

Case #2: A digital file of a professional recording (MLA 5.7.18)

You may want to cite an "independent" digital file the you have downloaded to your computer or a digital playback device. In this example we downloaded a popular song from iTunes to an iPod:

Procedure: Choose "Sound Recording," then select:

• Sound recording created in a professional or home studio (not radio)
• Digital File: A file independent from the Web or a published disc (e.g., an MP3 file on your computer)
• A song or musical composition

Your citation will look like this:

Jones, Norah. "Light as a Feather." The Fall. Blue Note Records, 2009. MP3 file.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite an article on microfilm / microfiche / microform?

• Required: The source from which the item was retrieved which consists of the publisher's name followed by the name of the collection (e.g., Newsbank: British Parliamentary Papers)
• Optional: The microfiche volume number, publication year, number, and grid numbers.

(All Styles) How do I cite a work by Shakespeare?

(MLA 7th ed.) Where do I enter issue and volume numbers for a magazine?

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite a video clip from BrainPOP?

About the database: BrainPOP creates and distributes its own proprietary video content online. 

Procedure: Choose "Film or Video Recording" as the citation type, then select:

• Movie or Film
• Film or video clip available online (e.g., downloadable mpeg file, streaming video)

When asked to tell us more about this source, select:

• A movie or clip made for the Web (e.g., a video podcast or YouTube video) or for which no information about the original production is given
• No, this is not an interview

An example citation with the optional URL looks like this:

Cesar Chavez. FWD Media. BrainPOP. Web. 20 Dec. 2009.  <http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/famoushistoricalfigures/cesarchavez/>.

• In the "Name of Web site or online database" field,  use the autofill to select the version (BrainPOP Jr., BrainPOP, BrainPOP Español, BrainPOP ESL) that you are using.
• Since BrainPOP URLs are short and stable, you may use them in the optional URL field.

(APA) How do I cite liner notes (CD booklets, album covers, etc.)?

This is something not covered by the APA publication manual, so we have to make an educated guess. We have 3 clues:

1. The MLA Handbook does address liner notes, and asks the writer to cite the author's name, the title of the material, and a description of the material ("Liner notes").
2. The APA "Music Recording" citation type shows how to cite the recording itself.
3. The APA "Pamphlet" citation type shows how a descriptive phrase like "Pamphlet" or "Brochure" is added in brackets to the citation to show the reader the format of the source.

Putting these three clues together, an educated guess is:

Author of Notes (Copyright Year). Title of section in the liner notes. In Title of the album (pp. x-y) [CD liner notes]. City of recording company: Name of recording company.

An example (partly made up):

Lewiston, D. (1990). About the performers. In The Balinese gamelan: Music from the morning of the world (p. 2) [CD liner notes]. Los Angeles: Nonesuch Records.

(MLA 7th ed.) Where do names of search portals like "EBSCOhost" and "FirstSearch" appear in my citation?

Names of portals and search interfaces should not be part of your citation. This is a frequent point of confusion, because the title of the search interface is sometimes more prominent on the screen than the title of the database. For example, the search interfaces below would not appear in your citations:

• EBSCOhost, Searchasaurus, or Student Research Center (from EBSCO)
• FirstSearch (from OCLC)
• WilsonWeb (from H.W. Wilson)

The same goes for portals or collections of databases created by publishers. Give the specific database name, not the name of the collection. The following collection names would not appear in your citation:

• History Database Center (from Facts on File)
• Facts.com Reference Suite (from Facts on File News Services)
• CQ Electronic Library (from CQ Press)

(MLA 7th ed.) What does n.d., n.p. or n.pag. mean in my citation?

n.p. ("no place") means the city of publication is missing

n.d. ("no date) means that the publication date is missing

n. pag ("no pagination") means that the book's pages are unnumbered

What do they mean in my citation?

N.p.: Harper, n.d.

...means that the publisher is Harper and Row, but neither the city of publication nor the year of publication is given.

New York: Harper, 2008. N. pag.

...means that the book is not paginated.

How do I provide missing publication information?

Use brackets to supply information that would be helpful to your reader but did not come from your source:

• you can provide it in brackets if you know the data  [1806]
  
• if you think you know it [1806?]
  
• or if you know the general timeframe [c. 1806] - c. stands for circa, which means "about"
  

Brackets can be used around the publisher and city of publication in a similar manner.

Cowell, Andrew, ed. World EXPO 88: The Official Souvenir Program. [Brisbane]: Walsh, 1988. Print.

...means that the city of publication is known but not explicitly stated in the book.

[Eng.]: n.p., n.d.

...means that the writer knows that the source was published in England, but the source did not indicate either the publisher nor the date of publication.

How do I provide information that I don't know?

You may have to do some research to find required or important information, which then should be added in square brackets

Aitken, Robert. "Criticism by Robert Aitken." DISCovering Authors. Detroit: Gale, n.d. N. pag. Rpt. of A Zen Wave: Basho's Haiku and Zen. [New York]: Weatherhill, 1978. N. pag. Student Resource Center Gold. Web. 15 Sept. 2009. <http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/start.do?prodId=SRC-1&userGroupName=palo_alto>.

We often use the following library catalogs:  WorldCat,  the Library of Congress and the British Library to complete citations or find out more about a source..

(All Styles) Should I alphabetize authors' names or cite them in the order that they appear?

(APA) How do I cite software made for a game console?

The APA Publication Manual doesn't address this particular case of course, but you can use the "Computer Software" citation type and replace the description ("Computer software") with something like "Xbox game" -- for example:

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban [Xbox game]. (2004). Electronic Arts.

(APA) How do I cite the contributors to an book on tape?

The APA Publication Manual doesn't specify what to do with a book on tape when you would like to credit both the author of the book and the narrator (when they are different), but our suggestion is to provide the names as shown here:

Rowling, J. K. (Author), & Fry, S. (Narrator). (2000). Harry Potter and the chamber of secrets [CD]. Bath: Cover to Cover.

This is similar to what you do with names when you want to cite several contributors to a motion picture (for example, the writer, director, producer, etc.).

(APA) How do I cite a particular "chapter" in a video?

Title of video: "Learning differences: Effective teaching with learning styles and multiple intelligences programs 9-12"

Title of chapter: "The hook and hold strategy: anticipatory set"

Since the APA Publication Manual does not address what to do when a video is divided up into distinct sections, you could start drawing parallels to other citations that are similar, for example a "single episode in a television series", where both the series name and episode name are given in the citation. However, we would recommend that instead of inventing new rules that may or may not be right, you should cite the recording as a whole, then refer to the specific part in the text of your paper. So your citation would be:

Learning differences: Effective teaching with learning styles and multiple intelligences programs 9-12 [Motion picture]. (2002). United States: Walden University.

The in-text citation would be:

...and in "The hook and hold strategy: anticipatory set," we find that blah blah blah (Learning, 2002).

(APA) How do I write an APA parenthetical (in-text) reference?

Next to each citation you create in NoodleBib APA, you'll find a link titled "Parenthetical Reference Help." Click the link to get information about how to refer to that particular entry in-text, as well as a list of rules to follow for parenthetical references in general. We've listed that information here as well for your convenience.

What is a parenthetical reference?

A parenthetical reference is a reference within the body of your paper to one of the sources in your reference list. It indicates to your reader exactly what you derived from the source, and specifically where they can find it. You need to write a parenthetical, or "in-text" reference, whether you quote the material directly from the source, paraphrase it in your own words, or refer to an idea derived from the material.

What typically goes in an APA-style parenthetical reference?

The information that you need to include depends on what type of source the material comes from. For printed material, you normally only need to include the author(s) (or article title if there is no author) and year of publication (never the month or day) in your reference. When citing a specific part of a source (for example, a direct quotation), you will also want to indicate the page number(s) or other designation (chapter, figure, table, equation, etc.). For Internet sources, paragraph numbers can be used when page numbers are not available.

The information described above can be either included in the sentence that you write, or added in parentheses at the end of the sentence (see Rule 2).

What other rules do I need to know to write my reference correctly?

Rule 1: Placement
The parentheses are usually placed at the end of a sentence, between the last word and the period. If you are quoting material directly, the parentheses should go between the closing quotation mark and the period:

Rule 2: Sentence vs. parentheses
Only information that is not already contained in your sentence is necessary in the parenthetical reference. For example, in the following example the author's last name, Smith, is already stated, so only the publication date is necessary within the parentheses:

Rule 3: Works by multiple authors
In parentheses, separate authors' names with an ampersand (&). When a work has two authors, cite both names every time you refer to the work. When the work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time your write the parenthetical reference, but only the first author followed et al. in subsequent references. When the work has six or more authors, cite just the first author followed by et al. for all references, including the first. Some examples:

Rule 4: Referring to a source more than once in a paragraph
There are three ways to vary your in-text references:

1. Smith, Jones & Williams (2001) found that the chicken came before the egg.
2. The chicken came before the egg (Smith, Jones & Williams, 2001).
3. In 2001, Smith, Jones & Williams found that the chicken came before the egg.

When the name of the author is part of the narrative [as in #1), you need not include the year in subsequent nonparenthetical references within that paragraph as long as this does not cause any confusion.  However, if you add parenthetical citations later in the paragraph, include the year.  For example:

When the author's name and year occur within the parenthetical reference (as in #2), include the year in subsequent parenthetical references in the paragraph.

You may occasionally vary your sentence structure by including both the author and date in the narrative (as in #3).  In this case, no parenthetical information is needed.

 Rule 5: Distinguishing works by authors with the same last name
Information you provide in the parenthetical reference should distinguish exactly which work in your source list you are referring to. If two or more authors in your reference list have the same last name, add their first and middle initials as well. For example:

Rule 6: Distinguishing works by the same author with the same publication date
To differentiate works that have the same author and the same publication date, suffix the publication date of each work with a lowercase letter (a, b, c, etc.) in both the reference list and the parenthetical reference, in the order they appear in the reference list. NoodleBib does not do this for you automatically, so you will need to add this manually when applicable. For example:

Rule 7: Identifying works with no author
If the work does not have an author listed, and is shown and alphabetized in your source list by its title, then you should refer to it in the parenthetical reference by its title as well. The title may be shortened to the first few words if it is long (for instance, do not include the subtitle), and should be quoted or in italics if it is quoted or in italics in your source list. Unlike your reference list, where only the first word in the title and subtitle are capitalized, the full title should be capitalized in your parenthetical reference. For example:

If the author of the work is listed as "Anonymous" (and that is the way you are referring to it in your reference list), then cite it in text the same way. For example:

Rule 8: Citing two or more works in one reference
Sometimes you may need to cite two or more works within a single parenthetical reference. To cite multiple works by the same authors, list the last names followed by the dates of publication for each work. See Rule 6 if publication dates are also the same. List in press references last. For example:

To cite multiple works by different authors, separate the author/date groups by semicolons, and list the authors in alphabetical order. For example:

Rule 9: Referring to a specific part of a work
Include page numbers (or an alternate numbering, as described here) if citing a direct quotation (see exception below). Sources sometimes use alternate numbering systems like sections (sec.), chapters (chap.), books, figures, tables, parts, verses, lines, acts, or scenes. Content within online sources can often only be referenced by paragraph (para.) number. If an alternate numbering system is used, include that information instead of page numbers.

Exception: Do not provide page numbers when citing parts of classic works (the Bible, classic verse, etc.). Instead include specific line, book, and section numbers as appropriate.

Occasionally, a source may have neither page nor paragraph numbers. In this case, provide the heading of the section and the number of the paragraph following that heading, as in:

Rule 10: Personal communications
Personal communications like e-mails, unpublished letters and memos, and personal interviews are not included in your reference list, but they should be identified in text. Provide the full name (first and middle initials and the full last name) of the person, as well as the exact date of the communication (if possible):

Rule 11: Classical works
If you know the original date of publication for a classical work, it is often useful to provide that in your reference:

For very old works, the year of publication may not be applicable. For these sources, list the year of the translation or version:

A citation (in your References list) is not required for a well-known classical work like the Bible. However, you should parenthetically indicate the version (if applicable) after your first reference to the work. Use book/chapter/verse/line/cantos numbers to refer to specific parts of the work, not page numbers: 

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I write an MLA parenthetical (in-text) reference?

Next to each citation you create in NoodleBib MLA (except for in the Starter version), you'll find a link titled "Parenthetical Reference." Click the link to get information about how to refer to that particular entry in-text, as well as a list of rules to follow for parenthetical references in general. We've listed that information here as well for your convenience. If you are citing the Bible or another such religious work, please refer to this knowledge base article that specifically addresses that type of source.

What is a parenthetical reference?

A parenthetical reference is a reference within the body of your paper to one of the sources listed in your Works Cited list. It indicates to your reader exactly what you derived from the source, and specifically where they can find it. You need to write a parenthetical, or "in-text" reference, whether you quote the material directly from the source, paraphrase it in your own words, or refer to an idea derived from the material.

What typically goes in an MLA-style parenthetical reference?

The information that you need to include depends on what type of source the material comes from. For printed material, you normally only need to include the author(s) (or title if there is no author) and page number(s) in your reference. For multi-volume works like encyclopedias, you may also need to include a volume number (see Rules 6 and 7 below). For Internet sources, sometimes an alternative to page numbers, such as paragraph numbers, are cited.

The information described above can be either included in the sentence that you write, or added in parentheses at the end of the sentence.

What other rules do I need to know to write a parenthetical reference?

Rule 1: Placement
The parentheses are usually placed at the end of a sentence, between the last word and the period. If you are quoting material directly, the parentheses should go between the closing quotation mark and the period:

Rule 2: Sentence vs. parentheses
Only information that is not already contained in your sentence is necessary in the parenthetical reference. For example, in the following example the author's last name, Smith, is already stated, so only the page numbers are necessary within the parentheses:

Rule 3: When author names are similar or the same
Information you provide in the parenthetical reference should distinguish exactly which work in your source list you are referring to. Add a first initial or whole first name if the last name is not unique in your source list, or add the title of the work if there is more than one work by the same author. For example:

Rule 4: When there is no author
If the work is listed and alphabetized in your source list by its title (no author), then you should refer to it in the parenthetical reference by its title as well. The title may be shortened to just the first word (not including articles like "The" and "A"), and should be quoted or underlined if it is quoted or underlined in your source list. For example:

Rule 5: Page numbers and other numbering systems
Sources sometimes use alternate numbering systems like sections (sec.), chapters (ch.), books (bk.), parts (pt.), verses, lines, acts, or scenes. Content within online sources can often only be referenced by paragraph number. If an alternate numbering system is used, include that information instead of page numbers. Note that a comma is used after the author (or title) in this case.

Occasionally, you may find that page numbers are available in addition to these other numbering systems. In this case, it is helpful to include both; provide the page number first, followed by a semicolon, and then the other identifying information. An example follows:

An exception to this rule is that when you are citing a classic verse play or poem, it is standard to omit page numbers even if they are given, and instead cite by division (act, scene, canto, book, part) and line. Divisions and the line number(s) are separated with periods, as in the following examples:

Rule 6: When to cite the volume number
If you are referring to a multi-volume work like an encyclopedia AND you used more than one volume of that work in your paper, then your parenthetical reference should include the volume number you used, as in the following example where we are referring to pages 2-4 of the third volume:

Rule 7: Referring to an entire work
If you are referring to an entire work (like an opera or an entire novel) and not a specific section of the work, state the author and/or title within the sentence, and do not add any further information in parentheses. For example:

An exception to the rule above is that if you are citing an entire volume of a multi-volume work, you should include the volume number (either within the sentence, or in parentheses as shown below). Note that we use the abbreviation vol. when page numbers are not provided, unlike the example for Rule 5.

Rule 8: Quoting or paraphrasing a quotation
If what you quote or paraphrase in your paper is itself a quotation in the source, add the phrase "qtd. in" to the parenthetical reference as shown here:

Article keywords: parenthetical, parenthetical reference, mla parenthetical reference, in-text, in-text reference, mla in-text reference, intext, intext reference, qtd. in, quoted in, quote, quotation, (emphasis: parenthetical, parenthetical, parenthetical, in-text, in-text, in-text)

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I write an MLA parenthetical (in-text) reference for the bible or other religious work?

Religious Works are cited in-text a bit differently than other sources. Italicize the title of the specific edition and use book/chapter/verse information rather than page numbers:  

As an example, New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10 would indicate that you are referring to chapter 1, verses 5 to 10 of the book Ezekiel in the edition of the Bible named The New Jerusalem Bible.

What is a parenthetical reference?

A parenthetical reference is a reference within the body of your paper to one of the sources listed in your Works Cited list. It indicates to your reader exactly what you derived from the source, and specifically where they can find it. You need to write a parenthetical, or "in-text" reference, whether you quote the material directly from the source, paraphrase it in your own words, or refer to an idea derived from the material.

What other rules do I need to know to write a parenthetical reference?

Rule 1: Placement
The parentheses are usually placed at the end of a sentence, between the last word and the period. If you are quoting material directly, the parentheses should go between the closing quotation mark and the period:

Rule 2: Sentence vs. parentheses
Only information that is not already contained in your sentence is necessary in the parenthetical reference. For example, in the following example the location in the Bible is already stated, so there is no need for additional information in parentheses at the end of the sentence:

Rule 3: Abbreviate the name of books in the Bible
For example, "Gen." for Genesis, and "Rom." for Romans. For a complete list of abbreviations for the books in the Bible, you may refer to section 7.7.1 of the MLA Handbook (abbreviations may be made available here at a later time).

Rule 4: Supply only book, chapter, and verse(s) after the first reference
After you have referred to the title and/or version of the religious work once in your paper, you may leave that information out of later references to the same work, if it is clear that you are referring to the same work.  

Article keywords: parenthetical, parenthetical reference, mla parenthetical reference, in-text, in-text reference, mla in-text reference, intext, intext reference, qtd. in, quoted in, quote, quotation, bible, chapter, verse (emphasis: bible, bible, bible, parenthetical, parenthetical, parenthetical, in-text, in-text, in-text)

(MLA 7th ed., APA 6th ed.) How do I cite several definitions from a dictionary or glossary?

Dictionary definitions and glossary entries should typically be cited as individual entries. An exception is that if you are using an online glossary where all of the words are listed on a single screen, you can choose to write a single citation that references the entire glossary; then just be sure to include parenthetical references where appropriate in the body of your paper where you refer to the definitions given.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite Biography.com?

About the Web site: Biography.com from A&E Television Networks compiles Web pages about people.  These include biographical information, original video clips, television episodes and "webisodes," photographs, games and other interactive content.  The "Frida Kahlo Deathiversary" <http://www.biography.com/deathiversary/frida-kahlo/frida-kahlo.jsp> is typical of these compilations.

In order to cite Biography.com, select the media type from the drop-down menu.

Case #1: A biographical article on a Web page

• Web page or other Web-only nonperiodical publication - Original online material, not conforming to a specific media form
• Leave the default as "No content type below applies"

• Abbreviate the publisher's name (A&E Television Networks) to "A&E" (MLA 7.5).

• Movie or film, since this is a made-for-the-Web original movie
• Online: Film or video clip available online (e.g., downloadable mpeg file, streaming video)
• A movie or clip made for the Web (e.g., a video podcast or YouTube video) or for which no information about the original production is given
• No, this is not an interview

• Abbreviate the publisher's name A&E Television Networks to "A&E" (MLA 7.5).
• When no date is given for the clip, scroll down to the bottom of the web page and use the copyright date.

• Movie or film
• Online: Film or video clip available online (e.g., downloadable mpeg file, streaming video)
• A movie or clip made for the Web (e.g., a video podcast or YouTube video) or for which no information about the original production is given
• No this is not an interview

• Click "get link" just below the clip to get a permanent URL for this clip.
• On that same screen the information icon (an "i") at the top right provides the title of the clip.
  
• Abbreviate the publisher's name A&E Television Networks to "A&E" (MLA 7.5).
• When no date is given for the clip, scroll down to the bottom of the web page and use the copyright date.

(APA) How do I indicate the name of a series?

In APA, provide the name of the series after the name of the book and prior to the publication information. For example:

Author (Date). The circulatory system (Vol. 4). Encyclopedia of health. Publication location: Publisher.

(All Styles) How do I indicate that the author has a PhD or other title?

It may be important to your reader that you are citing an authoritative source, and indicating that the author you are referencing has an impressive academic or political title is one way to do so. However, that information does not belong in your source list. Titles like PhD, Dr., or even President should not be included in your citation (don't confuse titles like these with "suffixes" like "Jr." and "II" that should be included).

Instead, provide that information in the body of your paper:

"Dr. Smith goes on to say that...."

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite information in a tour by a guide or talk by a docent?

Formal presentation
If your tour guide or docent gave a prepared presentation, select "Lecture, Speech, Address, or Reading" for MLA's "oral presentation" citations (5.7.11) 

Informal conversation
If you gained information from a discussion with a guide or docent apart from the tour, select "Interview" and then "Interview conducted by me" to treat it as an unpublished interview you conducted yourself. (MLA 5.7.7).

Your own observations or ideas
If the information is something you observed or an idea that you developed while on the tour - bravo!  Your original thinking does not need to be cited.

When and how do I use footnotes or endnotes?

Parenthetical references vs. footnotes/endnotes?

MLA has recommended parenthetical documentation instead of footnotes since the 1988 version of the MLA Handbook. Parenthetical references in conjunction with a works cited list, are in common use at most schools and colleges, except for some Ivy League schools. See our MLA and APA parenthetical reference help to create in-text references within your essay.

While most instructors generally prefer parenthetical citations, if your instructor wants you to use endnotes or footnotes, refer to The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers 6th edition by Joseph Gibaldi, Appendix B.1, pp. 298-313 for additional detailed instructions.

Comparison of MLA and APA footnotes/endnotes

In both MLA and APA format, your notes appear as consecutively numbered superscript arabic numerals within the text. They refer either to footnotes at the bottom of the relevant page or to endnotes which are listed together on a separate page at the end of your paper. MLA calls the endnotes page "Notes" while APA calls this same page "Footnotes."

Example of a footnote within your essay:

"Media literacy and visual literacy are important components of an information literacy curriculum."²

Comparison of citation elements: notes vs. bibligraphy

In general terms, notes and bibliographic citations contain many of the same elements. While a footnote/endnote gives the specific page on which the quote or information appears, a bibliographic entry contains the inclusive page numbers of the work cited. The second footnote/endnote about the same source contains enough information to identify the work. In contrast, a bibliography contains the information for each source only once.

Suggested content of footnotes

APA format suggests using footnotes for two types of information: content comments and copyright permission.

A content comment footnote discusses a single idea that supplements or amplifies your point within the text.

Example of a content footnote:

²Until recently the teaching of cross-disciplinary meta-literacy skills has not been discussed in the literature of school librarianship.

A copyright permission footnote acknowledges the source of a quotation or the source of a reprinted table or figure.

Example of a copyright permission footnote for a reprinted chart from periodical:

²The chart is from "A Seven-Power Lens on 21st-Century Literacy" by D. Abilock, 2003, Multimedia Schools, 10, p. 30. Copyright 2003 by Debbie Abilock. Reprinted with permission.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite World News Digest Online, Today's Science and other Facts On File databases?

About this database: Facts on File databases began as print periodicals.  To cite an article from World News Digest, Issues & Controversies, Today's Science or another Facts on File database, you must determine if it appeared in print (Case #1) or was written specifically for the database and was never in print (Case #2).  Here are two tests that can help you make the decision - they work with all the databases available from Facts on File:

Test for print: If the Facts on File citation at the bottom of the article shows an italicized title (see red below) between the title of the article and the italicized name of the database (in blue below), then it does come from print, so follow the instructions in Case #1.

Facts on File citation: "Soviets Begin to Withdraw Troops from Afghanistan; 1,200 Leave in First Convoy; Other Developments." Facts On File World News Digest: n. pag. World News Digest. Facts On File News Services, 20 May 1988. Web. 31 Dec. 2009. <http://www.2facts.com/article/1988014490>.

Test for original database material: If the Facts on File citation at the bottom of the article shows only the italicized name of the database, then it is original to the database, so follow the instructions in Case #2.

Facts on File citation: "The War in Afghanistan (Research Feature)." World News Digest. Facts On File News Services, Nov. 2007. Web. 31 Dec. 2009. <http://www.2facts.com/article/r00109>.

Case #1: Print information provided

Procedure: While they aren't technically magazines, the original printed source is published weekly and then compiled into binders by the subscribing library like a periodical subscription, therefore choose the "Magazine" citation type, then select:

• Online magazine (e-zine) or printed magazine available from a database or Web site
• Retrieved from an online database
• An article
• Enter the print publication facts
• The name of the print source (e.g. Facts On File World News Digest)
  
• The day/month/year) of print publication (e.g., Sept. 25, 2009)

"Soviets Begin to Withdraw Troops from Afghanistan; 1,200 Leave in First Convoy; Other Developments." Facts on File World News Digest 20 May 1988: n. pag. World News Digest. Web. 30 Dec. 2009. <http://www.2facts.com/article/1988014490>.

NOTES:

• If you are providing a URL, use the short, permanent "Record URL" at the bottom of the article, not the URL in the browser's address bar.
• The citation example given by Facts on File at the bottom of the article is incorrect. They are applying rules from 5.6.2b even though the source is a print periodical in an online database (MLA 5.6.4).

Case #2: An original article in the database

Procedure: Choose "Online Database" as the citation type, then select:

• Yes, this is original content created for this database (it never appeared in print or another publication medium).
  

"The War in Afghanistan." World News Digest. Facts on File News Services, Nov. 2007. Web. 31 Dec. 2009. <http://www.2facts.com/article/r00109>.

• If you are providing a URL, use the short, permanent "Record URL" at the bottom of the article, not the URL in the browser's address bar.
• We are applying MLA 5.6.2b here.  The publisher's name, Facts on File News Services, is taken from the bottom of the page next to the copyright sign.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite a poem in a collection or anthology?

The Tricky Part: Original or reprinted?

In order to cite a poem, you must decide if it was originally written for the book collection, or if it has been reprinted in an anthology from a previously published book.

Test #1: Look for a list of "Permissions," "Copyright Credits" or "Acknowledgements" at the front or back of the book, or even a copyright credit on the same page as the poem. Since an editor of an anthology must obtain permission from the copyright owner to reprint a poem, if you find a credit statement, you have a reprinted poem.

Test #2: The title of the anthology may indicate that the poem is new or reprinted.

• Heart to Heart: New Poems Inspired by Twentieth-Century American Art edited by Jan Greenberg. (original poems)
• The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens. (reprinted poems)

Test #3: A preface or introduction explains how the poems were collected or created.

Option #1: A poem original to the collection / anthology

Procedure: Choose the "Anthology / Book Collection" citation type, then select:

• Material in a collection / anthology - A short work (poem, essay, etc.) original to the print book / anthology
• On the following screen choose the publication medium:
  • Print: Printed anthology or other book collection
  • Online: Text of a printed anthology or other book collection available online
  • Digital File: A file independent from the Web or a published disc (e.g., a PDF or Word file on your computer)
  • Electronic Media: Printed anthology or other book collection available on electronic media (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, etc.)
    

Katz, Bobbi. "Lessons from a Painting by Rothco." Heart to Heart: New Poems Inspired by Twentieth-Century American Art. Ed. Jan Greenberg. New York: Abrams, 2001. 55. Print.

Example #2: A citation for an original poem in a print collection by a single author

Oliver, Mary. "Li Po and the Moon." Evidence: Poems. Boston: Beacon, 2009. 7. Print.

Option #2: A reprinted poem

Procedure: Choose the "Anthology / Book Collection" citation type, then select:

• Reprint or excerpt
• A book (or whatever the original publication medium was - ours is a print anthology)
  
• Print: Material from a book reprinted or excerpted in a printed book / collection

Levertov, Denise. "Witness." Evening Train. By Levertov. New York: New Directions, 1992. 97. Rpt. in A Book of Luminous Things; An International Anthology of Poetry. Ed. Czeslaw Milosez. New York: Harcourt, 1996. 97. Print.

Example #4: A citation for an poem from a print collection by a single author, reprinted in a collection by the single author

Stevens, Wallace. "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird." Harmonium. New York: Knopf, 1931. N. pag. Rpt. in The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens. By Stevens. New York: Knopf, 1961. 92-5. Print.

NOTES:

• If the publisher’s name is the name of a person, use the surname alone (e.g., Abrams for Henry M. Abrams, Knopf for Alfred A. Knopf).
• Omit descriptive words like "Press" and "Publisher" and business words like "Corporation" and "Inc." from the publisher's name (e.g., Beacon for Beacon Press, New Directions for New Directions Publishing Corporation)

(APA) How do I cite information in a tour by a guide or talk by a docent?

Formal presentation
If your tour guide or docent gave a prepared presentation, you can select "Proceedings" as the citation type and then choose "Unpublished paper or poster session presented at a meeting
" from the following screen.

Informal conversation
If you gained information from a conversation, interview or discussion with a guide or docent apart from the tour, do not include this in your reference list because the citation does not provide recoverable data. Cite these sources as an APA parenthetical citation in-text only.

Your own observations or ideas
If the information is something you observed or an idea that you developed while on the tour - bravo! This is your original thinking and does not need to be cited.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite an interview?

Case #1: Unpublished interview

If you have conducted a personal interview your citation will contain  the person's name, medium (e.g., face-to-face, by e-mail or telephone) and date. Your own name doesn't appear, since it is assumed that you are the interviewer.

NOTES:

• Since your interview is "unpublished," it is a good idea to record an oral interview, or to print an e-mail interview, then archive the transcript or e-mail printout as an appendix to your paper.
• If you subsequently publish your personal interview on a Web page, you may cite it by selecting "Interview" as the citation type and then answering "Web site" on the following screen.

Case #2: Published interview

If your interview is from a newspaper, magazine, or book or it was broadcast on a radio or television broadcast; or if you read the transcript of that program, heard a sound or video recording, or listened to bonus material interview of an actor or director on a DVD of a movie, select "Interview" as the citation type.  You will be able to identify the publication type on the next screen. Should you initially choose the medium of publication instead of "Interview," you will be able to select "An interview" when asked "What specifically are you citing?" 

• Whether you choose "Interview" or "Weblog, Audio Blog, Video Blog," the citation with the optional URL for a podcast interview with the 2009 Newbury Award winner looks like this:

Gaiman, Neil. "Interview with Neil Gaiman." Interview by Mark Blevis. Just One More Book!!. Ed. Andrea Ross and Mark Blevis. N.p., 27 Jan. 2009. Web. 24 Dec. 2009. <http://www.justonemorebook.com/2009/01/27/interview-with-neil-gaiman/>.

• Whether you choose "Interview" or "Magazine," the citation with the optional URL for an interview with the same author in an online magazine looks like this:

Gaiman, Neil. "It’s Good to Be Gaiman: A Revealing Interview with Newbery Winner Neil Gaiman." Interview by Roger Sutton. School Library Journal. Ed. Brian Kenney. Reed Business Information, 1 Mar. 2009. Web. 24 Dec. 2009. <http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6640441.html>.

NOTE:

• The citation for a published interview includes the name of the interviewer.

(APA) How do I cite a poem?

The Tricky Part: Original or reprinted?

In order to cite a poem, you must decide if it was originally written for the anthology or collection, or if it has been reprinted from a previously published book.

How can I tell if it's original or reprinted?

Test #1: Look for a list of "Permissions," "Copyright Credits" or "Acknowledgements" at the front or back of the book, or even a copyright credit on the same page as the poem. Since an editor of an anthology must obtain permission from the copyright owner to reprint a poem, if you find a credit statement, you have a reprinted poem.

Test #2: The title of the anthology indicates that the poem is new or reprinted.

• Heart to Heart: New Poems Inspired by Twentieth-Century American Art edited by Jan Greenberg. (original poems)
• The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens. (reprinted poems)

Test #3: A preface or introduction explains how the poems were collected or created.

How do I cite an original poem?

In APA select "book" and answer "A chapter or part of the book (like an introduction or preface)" as the content of the book you are citing. List the name of the poem as the title of the section.

Citing an original poem in an anthology of multiple authors

Katz, B. (2001). Lessons from a painting by Rothco. In J. Greenberg (Ed.), Heart to heart: New poems inspired by twentieth-century american art (p. 55). New York: Harry N Abrams.

Citing an original poem in a collection by a single author

Oliver, M. (1992). When death comes. In New and selected poems (pp. 10-11). Boston: Beacon.

How do I cite a reprinted poem?

Select the "book" format but change the default value on the following screen ("Book") to "Reprint of a nonperiodical source."

Citing a reprinted poem in an anthology of multiple authors

Levertov, D. (1996). Witness. In C. Milosez (Ed.), A book of luminous things: An international anthology of poetry (p. 72). New York: Harcourt Brace. (Reprinted from Evening train, 1992, New York: New Directions)

Citing a collection of reprinted poems by a single author

Stevens, W. (1961). The collected poems of Wallace Stevens (pp. 92-95). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. (Reprinted from Harmonium, 1937, New York: Alfred A. Knopf)

(APA) How do I indicate a range of page numbers?

(MLA 7th ed.) What should I title my MLA source list?

The most common heading for an MLA-style source list is Works Cited. A Works Cited list contains only works that you will cite in your text. By default, Works Cited is the header when you create an MLA-style source list in NoodleBib.

Works Cited: A broad title for a list including all types of media and books that you used in your paper. When you create a Works Cited list, the reader expects to find brief references to all of the works in the list within the text of your paper (these references are called parenthetical citations).

Bibliography: Literally means description of books. Can be used if your source list contains only references to written literature. The more general "Works Cited" heading can also still be used in this case though.

Works Consulted: Indicates that your source list is not limited to works cited in the paper, but also contains any sources that you found helpful while doing your research.

Annotated Bibliography, Annotated List of Works Cited, Annotated List of Works Consulted: Add the word "Annotated" to the heading to indicate that you have added comments (in the Annotation field) to some or all sources in your list.

Selected Bibliography, Selected List of Works Consulted: Add the word "Selected" to the heading to suggest that your reader use the list of sources to learn more about the topic.

(APA) What should I title my bibliography?

MLA vs. APA -- Which do I use?

If you are a student:

MLA and APA are the two formats most commonly required in K-12 and college, although there many others such as Chicago Manual of Style and Turabian. Your teacher will tell you what format to use. If they haven't asked for a specific style, be sure to ask them before you start. Currently, you cannot convert between styles once you've created your bibliography in NoodleBib (i.e. you cannot convert an MLA list to APA, or vice versa).

If you are a teacher:

Students in Humanities courses are usually asked to follow the style MLA guidelines. Students in science and research fields are usually asked to follow the APA guidelines. In terms of numbers, a vast majority of middle and high school students are taught MLA style, whereas in college, there is a mix, depending on the research field of the student.

In college, the primary reason for using a standardised reference format like MLA or APA is so that a professional peer (in the same discipline as the writer) can understand the syntax and relocate the writer's sources. In high school, unless the bibliography is created for a larger audience, often the only readers may be the teacher and librarian. Teachers of K-12 students typically prefer the MLA format because the MLA Handbook provides much more detail about citing books, anthologies, audiovisual material, and other sources like interviews, advertisements, and cartoons that a high school student would be more likely to use in a research paper. In contrast, the emphasis in the APA Publication Manual is on sources that students would typically only encounter in advanced research, such as technical reports, proceedings of meetings, and dissertations.

Since teaching either MLA or APA style at the high school level will prepare students for college documentation, the emphasis should be on why it is important to cite sources. The process of citing is similar whatever format you use - you compile a bibliography, you refer to entries in the bibliography using parenthetical references, and so forth. It is like learning a computer programming language -- once you've learned one, others follow naturally because the basic concepts (e.g., object-oriented programming) are the same, it is just the syntax and order that changes. In the case of bibliographies, most teachers do not expect their student to memorize the formatting rules; they want them to learn the reason for citing and the process of documentation. NoodleTools helps them understanding WHAT information is important to cite (which is often the same in MLA and APA) and how to determine if they are citing correctly.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I credit Associated Press (AP) or other wire service or news bureau when I cite a printed or online newspaper?

Case #1: A news article (not from print) on a newspaper Web site which credits a news bureau 

Procedure: Choose "Newspaper or Newswire" citation type, then select:

• Newspaper or newswire
• Online: Online newspaper or newswire, or a printed newspaper available online
• Never in print: supplementary content on the newspaper publisher's Web site (MLA 6.5.2b)
• An article

Your citation with the optional URL will look like this:

"Apathy and Fear as Uzbekistan Votes." Moscow Times. Moscow Times, 28 Dec. 2009. Web. 31 Dec. 2009. <http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/apathy-and-fear-as-uzbekistan-votes/396840.html>.

NOTES:

• Do not include the name of the news service (Reuters) as the author, even if no individual author is named (MLA 5.4.9).

Case #2: A news article on the Web site of a wire service or news bureau

Procedure: Choose "Newspaper or Newswire" citation type, then select:

• Newspaper or newswire
• Online: Online newspaper or newswire, or a printed newspaper available online
• Never in print: supplementary content on the newspaper publisher's Web site
• An article

Your citation with the optional URL will look like this:

Golovnina, Maria. "Apathy and Fear as Uzbekistan Votes in Election." Reuters. Thompson Reuters, 27 Dec. 2009. Web. 31 Dec. 2009. <http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BQ07Z20091227>.

Case #3: A news article from an aggregated news feed like Yahoo! News or Google News

Treat the aggregator as a search engine, citing the Web site on which the news story is published. 

---------------------------

Some names of news bureaus / wire services:

Associated Press (AP) is a non-profit owned by U.S. daily newspaper members.  It maintains over 250 bureaus in 93 countries from which global news is supplied to its members, international subscribers and commercial customers. 

Reuters and United Press International (UPI) are news services owned by for-profit corporations.

Another for-profit news service, Agence France-Presse (AFP), provides stories in English, French, Spanish, German, Portuguese, Arabic, Chinese and Japanese.

ProPublica, funded by the Sandler Foundation and other philanthropic organizations, operates a non-profit newsroom that produces "investigative journalism in the public interest" which is free of charge, for publication or broadcast.

Cable network CNN has begun offering for-profit CNN Wire service to news media.

(MLA 7th ed.) How does NoodleBib alphabetize my source list?

NoodleBib orders the citations in your list for you automatically, but if you have a question about why your list is ordered in a certain way, understanding the rules that NoodleBib uses will help.

List entries are sorted in alphabetical order. If a name (author, editor, etc.) appears as the first component of the citation, then the entry is alphabetized by the person's first name. Alphabetization is performed letter-by-letter, ignoring spaces, punctuation, and capitalization. This means that an entry with an author with the last name "Du Bos" appears after an entry with an author with last name "Dublin" (since "dubos" would appear after "dublin" alphabetically).

The letters of an author's first and middle name are only considered if two entries begin with contributors with the same last name. If the first, middle and last names all match, then the alphabetization is based on the last name of the second contributor listed (or even third if the first two names match completely). Thus:

Smith, George, Michael Aaron, and Debbie Adams

Smith, George, and Debbie Adams (Note: "Adams" comes after "Aaron")

Smith, George, and Robert Adams (Note: "Robert" comes after "Debbie")

Note that the type of contributor does not factor in to the alphabetization process. For the purposes of alphabetizing entries, ignore the ed., trans., comp., or other word that appears after the name of the contributor.

If no contributor (author, editor, etc.) is given at the beginning of a citation or the name(s) of the contributors in two citations are identical, then the title that appears next (could be an article title, the name of a book, etc.) in the citation is used for alphabetization. If the first word of the title is A, An, or The then the entry is alphabetized using the second word of the title. Alphabetization by the title is again performed letter-by-letter, ignoring spaces and punctuation. Thus:

Smith, George, and Bell, James. Egyptian History. New York: Random, 1989. Print.

A Smith's Journey: How I Became a Goldsmith. New York: Random, 1988. Print.

S[mith], T[ruman]. "Goldsmiths." Business Week 5 May 2003: 99. Print.

"So You Like Gold?" New York Times 3 Apr. 1981, late ed.: C4. Print.

If the title begins with a year or number, the entry should be alphabetized as if the year or number was spelled out (NoodleBib does this for you automatically as well). Since NoodleBib cannot determine whether or not a particular number is a year or a number, we assume that the numbers between 1100 and 1999 (which are the numbers that are written differently based on whether they represent years or numbers) are years. So 1832 will be alphabetized as "Eighteen thirty-two" rather than "One thousand eight hundred thirty two." If your title contains a number in that range that is not a year, check your final list to be sure that the entry is alphabetized correctly.

(APA) How do I cite a source found on microfiche?

1. You could leave the fact out completely from the citation, since the version you see on microfiche is an identical copy of what you would also find in the printed journal.
2. You could provide information suggested by an alternative format. For example, MLA asks for the title of the service that makes the microfiche collection available, the microfiche number, volume number, publication year, and grid number(s).
3. You could put the microfiche retrieval information in parentheses at the end of the citation, as you do when citing an ERIC document found on microfiche (i.e. "(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 346082)").
4. You could even just put the format, Microfiche, in brackets ("[Microfiche]") after the name of the journal/magazine/newspaper/etc.

(All Styles) My teacher has asked me to include annotations. What does that mean?

In a descriptive annotation, provide a short summary of the content or plot, and state the thesis or theme of the work.  This enables your reader to make an informed choice about which of your sources would be of interest to them.  Descriptive annotations demonstrate that your have read and understood your sources and used them wisely.  Address such questions as:

• What are the author's credentials or qualifications relevant to my topic or purpose?
• Or, in the case of a sponsoring institution, what is its mission or goal that is that relevant to my topic?
• What is the scope of this source? Is it an overview, a manual, a critical analysis of one point of view, an in-depth explanation of a phenomenon? 
• What is the purpose of this source?  Is the author's intention to persuade, to inform, to analyze, to inform, or to argue for a point-of-view?
• What is the writing genre and format?  Is it an essay, a Web page, a peer-reviewed journal article, a reference work, a blog entry?
• What distinctive features does it have?
• What knowledge level is expected of the reader? Has it been written for a general reader, a scientist, a high school student, an instructor?
• How much information did you get from this source? Did its bibliography lead you to new sources?

In a critical annotation, evaluate the source and explain its value to your research. This enables your readers to select the most valuable sources. Critical annotations demonstrate that you have judged the accuracy, currency and credibility of your sources and identified relevant information within them.  Address these revised questions which require judgment and evaluation:

• What are the author's credentials or qualifications relevant to my topic or purpose? What is the author's reputation among other experts?
• Or, in the case of a sponsoring institution, what is its mission or goal that is relevant to my topic?  What is its reputation among experts? With what kind of organizations is it aligned?
• What is the scope of this source? Is it an overview, a manual, a critical analysis of one point of view, an in-depth explanation?  How relevant and useful was it for your particular topic? What was missing?
• What is the purpose of this source?  Is the author's intention to persuade, to inform, to analyze, to inform, or to argue for a point-of-view? Is there evidence of bias or distortion?  Are there errors or weaknesses in the author's argument or thought process?
• What is the writing genre and format?  Is it an essay, a Web page, a peer-reviewed journal article, a reference work, a blog entry? Is the work a quality example of the genre and format?
• What distinctive features does it have? Are these features unique among my sources? 
• What knowledge level is expected of the reader? Has it been written for a general reader, a scientist, a high school student, an instructor?  Is the writing style and information appropriate to the audience?
• How much information did you get from this source? Did its bibliography lead you to new sources? How did this source influence your thinking?

All forms in NoodleBib end with an Annotation field, so that you can create descriptive or evaluative comments for each citation.

(MLA 7th ed.) Do I use italics or underlining in MLA style lists?

MLA recommends the use of italics in your source list, as long as the difference between italics and the regular typeface is clear (MLA Handbook 3.3).

However, if your teacher instructs you to change the default from italics to underlining instead:

1. Click the Print button about your source list.
2. Under Formatting Options, click the link next to "Italics/Underlining."
3. Click the link that reads "Switch to underlining."
4. All entries in your list will be automatically updated to use underlining. You can return to this screen and convert back to italics, if you change your mind.
   

This changes affects only the list that is open. Other lists in your personal folder will not change.  To learn more about how to use our software, please search our User's guide.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite a source (anthology essay, magazine, journal, newspaper) in Gale's Literature Criticism Online?

About this database: Literature Criticism Online (LCO) contains a rich collection of critical resources: "a biographical essay that discusses the author's life, works, and critical importance; critical essays or excerpts taken from books, magazines, literary reviews, newspapers, and scholarly journals; and, where available, interviews with featured authors." 

The italicized annotation preceding or following each critical selection can help you determine the type of source you have. 

Decide which of these cases your source falls under, then follow the instructions below:

• written originally for the print anthology (Case #1) made available in the LCO database.
  
• a reprint of a source (e.g., a magazine, journal, newspaper article) in the print anthology (Case #2) made available in the LCO database. 
• an excerpt of a source (e.g., part of a book chapter or critical essay) in the print anthology (Case #3) made available in the LCO database.  If the source is an excerpt the annotation preceding it will often state: “In the following excerpt….”

• Material in a collection / anthology - A poem, essay or short story in an anthology
• Online: Text of a printed anthology or other book collection available online

Your citation with an optional URL will look like this:

"Khaled Hosseini: Introduction." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 254. Detroit: Gale, 2008. 40-41. Literature Criticism Online. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/LitCrit/berkeley_main/FJ2850360003>.

Procedure: Choose the "Newspaper or Newswire" citation type, then select:

• Reprint in a book - A newspaper article reprinted in a book or collection (which in turn can be published in print, online, or on electronic media).
• Online: Newspaper article in a book / collection, available online

Your citation with the optional URL will look like this:

• Reprint or excerpt of material from one book in another book (On the final screen you will choose "excerpt")
  
• Online: Material from a book reprinted or excerpted in a printed book / collection, available online

• In this example there is no annotation before the critical selection.  Since the chapter in the original book (pp. 85-106) is much longer than the version in Literature Criticism Online (p. 132), we assume that it is an excerpt.  Therefore, on the final form answer "No" to the question "Is the article reprinted in its entirety?" As a result NoodleBib will add "Excerpt from" instead of "Rpt. in" to this citation.

(APA) How do I cite an e-mail, interview, or survey I conducted?

APA Unpublished Interview

For APA, do not cite personal communications (e.g., face-to-face interviews, telephone or e-mail interviews) in the reference list, since they are not archived, recoverable sources. Instead, use an in-text citation (with initials and surname of person being interviewed) as in these examples:

"...at her wedding R. Abilock (personal communication, April 4, 2004) discussed..."

"...he called the current economic climate uncertain (R. Abilock, personal communication, July 6, 2004)."

APA Published Interview

The APA Publication Manual does not give specific advice about citing published interviews. A good way to do so is to add the information about the interviewer in square brackets after the publication date in the citation (or, if citing a titled article in a periodical, following the article title). For example, consider this interview published on the NPR Web site:

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4120281

We've added "[Interview with Tavis Smiley, host of The Tavis Smiley Show]" (you'll need to do this outside of NoodleBib). The finished citation would look like this:

Edleman, M. W. (2004, October 21). [Interview with Tavis Smiley, host of The Tavis Smiley Show]. Marian Wright Edelman: Bush leaving kids behind. Retrieved October 24, 2004, from NPR Web site: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4120281

(MLA 7th ed.) Why are there three dashes (hyphens) in my citation where the author's name should be?

When two (or more) consecutive entries in a source list begin with the same name(s) in the same order (can be authors, editors, etc.), then the names are replaced with three dashes (MLA calls them "hyphens")  in the subsequent entry or entries. (MLA 5.3.5). 

Therefore, if you had Book X, Journal Article Y, and Newspaper Article Z all authored by "John Smith" then they would be written (partial citation displayed to illustrate the point):

Smith, John. Book X. etc...

- - -. "Journal Article Y." Journal Y etc...

- - -. "Newspaper Article Z." Newspaper Z etc...

In a government publication, two sets of dashes or hyphens may replace the same government name (United States) and the legislature (Cong.) or an agency. (MLA 5.5.20)

United States. Cong. House.

- - -. - - -. Senate.

(APA 6th ed.) How do I cite an online ERIC Digest?

What are ERIC Digests?
ERIC Digests are full text, short reports on education topics with lists of additional resources. A digest can be found by using the unique ERIC identification number starting with ED ((e.g., ED300805) in a search engine or in the Education Resources Information Center database <http://www.eric.ed.gov/> .  Use the Advanced Search and check "ERIC Digests" as the "Publication Type" to see all the ERIC Digests.

To get the information you need to cite a digest, click on the title in your ERIC search results.  You will see both the Full Record and and a link to the PDF version of the document.

Procedure: Choose "Technical/Research Report" citation type, then select:

• We think your probably mean...Technical/Research Report
• Online: Report or abstract available online
• A report
• Answer "No" to the question "Are you citing a report that has been published in an edited collection of reports?"

The persistent URL for an ERIC document is formed by adding the ED number to the end of this URL

<http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EDxxxxxx>

...where EDxxxxxx represents the accession number of the PDF document (e.g., ED300805).

Your citation with the optional URL will look like this:

Beecher, J. (1998). Note-taking: What do we know about the benefits? (ERIC Digest No. 12). Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED300805

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite an image, photograph or work of art?

Case #1: An original artwork in a museum or collection (MLA 5.7.6)

Procedure: Choose "Painting, Sculpture or Photograph" citation form , then select:

• Painting, sculpture, photograph, etc. - actual artwork in a museum or private collection
• Artwork: Work of art in a museum or private collection
  

Your citation will look like this:

Thiebaud, Wayne. Lunch Table. 1964. Oil on canvas. Cantor Arts Center, Stanford.

Case #2:  A photograph in an online image database or gallery (MLA 5.6.2b or 5.6.2d) (e.g., Corbis, Flickr, some  American Memory collections, or see AP Images citing information)

This case is for image databases in which the image is not part of a publication.   (If you are citing an image in an article or an image in a book, see Case #3 below.)

Procedure: Choose the "Painting, Sculpture or Photograph" citation form, then select:

• Leave the default as "Painting, sculpture, photograph, etc."
• Online: Work of art displayed as part of an online museum or collection, or an online database of images
• Then choose between:
  
  • A work of art or photograph, originally in a museum or collection, reproduced online with information about photographer, copyright holder, etc. (MLA 5.6.2d)
    
    Electrical Washing Machine. 1924. Schenectady Museum. Corbis. Web. 28 Dec. 2009.  <http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=HQ001277>.
    
    
  • A photograph or digital image that exists only on the Web, or without information about the original (MLA 5.6.2b)
    
    Kqeditor. Wall 3. 13 June 2008. Flickr. Yahoo!, 17 June 2008. Web. 28 Dec. 2009. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/25674484@N00/2587314825/in/set-72157605664615484/>.

Case #3: A reproduction of artwork in a book (MLA 5.7.6)

Procedure: Choose "Book" (or any source type), then select:

• Book (the default) - a photograph or illustration
• Printed Book
• A work of art or a photograph where the original is physically housed in a museum or collection

Your citation would look like this:

Chicago, Judy. Place Setting for Sojourner Truth. 1979. Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York. Visual Shock: A History of Art Controversies in American Culture. By Michael Kammen. New York: Knopf, 2006. 323. Print.

Case #4: A photograph you took (from MLA 6th ed. & MLA 5.7.18)

Procedure: Choose "Painting, Sculpture or Photograph," then select:

• Personal photograph - An unpublished photograph that you took personally.
• Then select one of the following:
  • Photograph: Personal photograph
  • Online: Personal photograph available online (via flickr or similar service)
  • Digital File: A file independent from the Web or a published disc (e.g., a GIF or JPEG file on your computer)

Family at 2008 Pakistani Independence Day celebration, San Francisco. 23 Aug. 2008. Personal photograph by author. JPEG file.

• Painting, sculpture, photograph, etc.
• Digital file: A file independent from the Web or a published disc (e.g., a GIF or JPEG file on your computer)
• A photograph or digital image that exists only as a file

Abilock, Rigele. Maya puts herself to sleep. 5 June 2009. JPEG file.

• The image has a description, not a title.

Case #6: Freely-available clip art or graphics (from MLA 6th ed.) - do not cite or reference

Case #7:  An image appearing as part of a larger work (article, Web page, etc.)

Procedure: Cite the larger work and refer to the details about the image in the body of your paper. 

MLA does not recommend that you cite an image separately from the larger work that contains it. However, if your instructor specifically requires you to cite the image alone, NoodleBib does permit you to create a citation as follows.

Procedure: Choose "Book" (or applicable source type), then select:

• Book (the default) - a photograph or illustration
• Printed Book
• A photograph or illustration that is original to the book

Your citation for a photograph might look like this:

Zurcher, Nicholas. Pie tins from the world of baking were cross-pollinated into the internationally popular Frisbee. The Ten Faces of Innovation: Ideo's Strategies for Beating the Devil's Advocate & Driving Creativity throughout Your Organization. By Tom Kelley and Jonathan Littman. New York: Currency-Doubleday, 2005. 69. Print.

NOTES:

• In "Photo Credits" at the back of the book, a separate copyright holder is listed (but there is no information about a previous publisher or museum).
• The image has a description, not a title.

Or, your citation for a single illustration in a picture book might look like this:

Noon, Steve. The Plague Strikes! (1500s). A Street through Time. By Anne Millard. New York: DK, 1998. 20-21. Print.

(All Styles) How do I cite a source if I do not have it in hand?

Books:

An online catalog provides the basic title/author/publication information that is required for any citation. If you took notes in your school library and need the publication information for your source, the first place to look is your library's Web-based catalog.

If your library doesn't have an online catalog, you can search by title or author in another online catalog, such as:

1. Your public library's online catalog
   
2. Another school's online catalog (e.g., Florida's K-12 public school union catalog http://sunlink.brodart.com/search/fl/searchALL.html)
   
3. The Library of Congress Online Catalog
   
4. OCLC library catalog via Google or Yahoo! Search (results vary). Type "Find in a Library" (in quotes) followed by the title of your book.*

*TIP: If you want to get the book at a local library, add your zip code (postal code for Canada) in the box below your results to see if one of the 23,000 OCLC member libraries is in your neighborhood.

Alternatively, go to an online bookstore like Amazon.com and search for the book's title or author's name. When Amazon provides a "See Inside The Book" feature you can view the title page or search for a quote within the text.

Periodicals:

If you know the name of the periodical and the article title or author's name, go to the periodical's Web site and search in the archives to get basic information like volume number and date of publication.

LookSmart's FindArticles at http://articles.findarticles.com republishes articles from hundreds of journals, magazines, and news sources, so you may be able to find the article you used through this service. The only caveat is that it takes about 2 months for articles to appear online, so if yours was more recent, you may not find it here.

(All Styles) Can I use the citations made by the database I am using?

Generally we find that information given within databases is misleading and their examples are routinely wrong.

Many of the style sheets have not yet been updated for MLA 7th edition or APA 6th edition formatting (as of 12/30/2009). Here are some examples that have been updated by the database publishers:

• EBSCO: Click "Help" when you are logged in, then select "Citation Styles" from the help table of contents on the left.
• Thomson Gale (MLA only): http://support.gale.com/gale/article.html?article=1467 (updated to MLA 7th ed., no APA or CHI advice)
• ProQuest (Updated Feb 2006; MLA, APA, and Turabian): http://www.proquestk12.com/pic/pdfs/ProQuest_Citation_Guide.pdf (updated to MLA 7th ed. and APA 6th ed.)

Databases often provide a "source citation" at the bottom of the article. Although these source citations provide useful data (e.g., title of the database, authors, etc.), never copy and paste the source citation into your bibliography. They rarely follow the correct style and formatting that you need.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I indicate a range of page numbers?

For numbers under 100, write out the full numbers, as in 1-12 or 20-34. For numbers greater than 100, give only the last two digits of the second number, unless more are necessary, as in 320-33, 1010-12, or 2895-910.

If you are citing a periodical article, and the article spans nonconsecutive pages, give the page number on which the article starts, followed by a plus sign, as in 6+ or 3C+.

In the 6th edition of the MLA Handbook, there was a a special rule for material from an online database, where the database provided only the starting page number (and possibly the total number of pages) -- the guidance was to provide the starting page number followed by a dash and a space. In the 7th edition, this special rule was eliminated. If only the starting page number is given by the database, simply give the page number followed by a "+" as you would do with a printed work (e.g., 6+).

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite Gale's American Journey Online series reproduced in History Resource Center: U.S.?

About the database: American Journey is a series of anthologies published on CD-ROM. The content of these anthologies is reproduced in Gale's database History Resource Center: U.S.  If one of the following anthology titles is listed in Gale's "Source Citation" for the document, use the "Anthology/Book Collection" citation type in NoodleBib, then use "American Journey Online" as the series name and give the name of the anthology you are using: 

African American Experience
American Revolution
Asian American Experience
Civil Rights in America
Civil War. Primary Source
Cold War
Constitution and Supreme Court
Great Depression and the New Deal
Hispanic American Experience
Immigrant Experience
Native American Experience
Vietnam Era
Westward Expansion
Women in America
World War I and the Jazz Age 

In order to cite American Journey Online, determine if you have an overview essay originally written for the anthology (see case #1) or a primary source (see case #2). 

Case #1: An essay from an American Journey anthology (Gale Document # CD2160000225)

Here is Gale's source citation: "Changing Views of the West." American Journey Online: Westward Expansion. Primary Source Microfilm, 1999. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/

Cite an original essay as a "short work" in an anthology.

Procedure: Choose the "Anthology / Book Collection" citation type, then select:

• Material in a collection / anthology - A poem, essay or short story in an anthology
• Text of a printed anthology or other book collection available online

Your citation will look like this:

"Changing Views of the West." Westward Expansion. N.p.: Primary Source, 1999. N. pag. American Journey Online. History Resource Center: U.S. Web. 14 Dec. 2009. <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/>.

NOTES:

• If you choose to use a URL, replace the long but stable "Infomark" URL with the URL for Gale's search page.
• Primary Source Media was a separate publisher in 1999 until it merged with Gale in 2000 according to "About Primary Source Media" http://www.gale.cengage.com/psm/about_psm.htm.  Therefore the publisher's name is written as Primary Source, not Primary Source-Gale which would be correct if Primary Source Media was an imprint of Gale.
• N. p. (no city of publication) and N.pag. (no page numbers) appear because Gale does not give this information.  For more about these abbreviations see "What does n.d., n.p. or n.pag. mean in my citation?"

Case #2: A primary source document (Gale Document # CD2160000055)

Here is Gale's source citation: Turner, Frederick Jackson. "The Significance of the Frontier in American History." Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/

Note that this article is not identified with an American Journey anthology title, so we will not use the Anthology citation type in this case. Click on the link "About this Document" to determine the type of primary source (e.g., a journal, government document, letter, speech, song, photograph, painting, map, audio or video clip). Then select the appropriate source type from the NoodleBib drop-down menu.  If no citation type seems to adequately match the source, use the "Online database" citation type and cite the material as original content in the database.

Our source is a transcript of a speech.

Your citation will look like this:

Turner, Frederick Jackson. "The Significance of the Frontier in American History." American Historical Society. 1893. History Resource Center: U.S. Web. 14 Dec. 2009. <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/>.

NOTES:

• Gather the information you need to cite the primary source from Gale's source citation, the document itself, and from "About this Document" which leads to commentary about the source.
• If you choose to use a URL, replace the long but stable "Infomark" URL with the URL for Gale's search page

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite a Viewpoint Essay in Gale's Opposing Viewpoints?

"Viewpoint Essays" are reprinted from the print anthologies in the Greenhaven series (e.g., Opposing Viewpoints, Opposing Viewpoints Digests, At Issue, Contemporary Issues Companion, Current Controversies, and Teen Decisions).  A typical essay consists of an excerpt from a source (journal, magazine, newspaper, report, government publication, etc.), prefaced by an editor-written summary of the source's position, along with questions for the reader and a list of further readings.

Gale provides two kinds of documentation for a Viewpoint Essay (Gale Document #EJ3010130253):

• Publication facts about the original article (at the top of the page under "Table of Contents")

"U.S. Navy Plans Ocean Assault," Earth Island Journal, vol. 41, Summer 1999, p. 18. Copyright © 1999 by Earth Island Journal. Reproduced by permission.

• A "Source Citation" (at the bottom of the page)

LaBudde, Nathan. "Antisubmarine Sonar Threatens Marine Mammals." Opposing Viewpoints: Endangered Oceans. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Berkeley Public Library. 25 Dec. 2009 <http://find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do?&contentSet=GSRC&type=retrieve&tabID=T010&prodId=OVRC&docId=EJ3010130253&source=gale&srcprod=OVRC&version=1.0>.

In most cases you will be citing the entire Viewpoint Essay (both the editor's enrichment and the original source) as a short work in an anthology, available online in Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center.

Procedure: Choose "Anthololgy / Book Collection," then select:

• Material in a collection / anthology (not reprint or excerpt)
• Online: Text of a printed anthology or other book collection available online

Your citation including the optional URL will look like this:

"Antisubmarine Sonar Threatens Marine Mammals." Opposing Viewpoints: Endangered Oceans. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2004. N. pag. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 25 Dec. 2009. <http://find.galegroup.com/ovrc/>.

NOTES:

• The author shown in the "Source Citation" is actually the author of the original article, and so is not included when citing the entire essay.
• Use the database search page URL for your works cited list.
• MLA (1.5.4) suggests noting useful identifying information in a working bibliography to help you locate the source quickly while doing your research.  We suggest the following:
  
  • Add the long but direct URL to your note cards, if Gale's "Infomark" identifies it as a stable URL.
  • Add the Gale document number to the annotation field.  When you are ready to export your source list, delete that number.

Option #2:  Citing the original source as a reprint (without the editors comments) (Gale Document #EJ3010130253)

Generally MLA suggests that you read and reference original sources since the context of a quotation or excerpt helps understand it. Sources like government publications and organization reports are often available on the agency or foundation's official Web site.

In this case, the Earth Island Journal <http://www.earthisland.org/journal/> archive does not go back to 1999, so we cannot read the original article.  Gale's information about the original source helps use evaluate authority and credibility, since it reveals that the excerpt came from a journal published by Earth Island Institute, a "hub for grassroots [environmental] campaigns."

Although you cannot read the full journal article, you could cite just the article without the editorial enrichment. (However, If your research draws on the editor's background information in the Viewpoint Essay, use Option #1 instead.)

Procedure: Choose "Journal," then select:

• Reprint in a book - A journal article reprinted in a book or collection (which in turn can be published in print, online, or on electronic media).
• A journal article
• Online: Journal article in a book / collection, available online

Your citation with the optional URL will look like this:

LaBudde, Nathan. "Antisubmarine Sonar Threatens Marine Mammals." Opposing Viewpoints: Endangered Oceans. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2004. N. pag. Rpt. of "U.S. Navy Plans Ocean Assault." Earth Island Journal 41 (Summer 1999): 18. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 25 Dec. 2009. <http://find.galegroup.com/ovrc/>.

 NOTES: 

• Include the author of the original article, incorrectly listed in Gale's "Source Citation" as the author of the "Viewpoint Essay."
• Use the database search page URL for your works cited list.
• MLA (1.5.4) suggests noting useful identifying information in a working bibliography to help you locate the source quickly while doing your research.  We suggest the following:
  • Add the long but direct URL to your note cards, if Gale's "Infomark" identifies it as a stable URL.
  • Add the Gale document number to the annotation field.  When you are ready to export your source list, delete that number.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite an entry in Gale's Biography Resource Center?

About the database: Biography Resource Center contains biographical articles from encyclopedias, almanacs, dictionaries and other reference books, as well as from magazines and newspapers. 

Case #1: An original article with no print information (Gale Document #K1650004274)

Gale provides the following information about an article on Barack Obama (click on "Source Citation" under the Table of Contents to see this information at the bottom of the page):

"Barack Obama." Biography Resource Center Online. Gale, 2004. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2009. <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC>

If no print information is given in Gale's source citation, treat it as an original article created for that reference database.

Procedure: Choose the "Reference source" citation type, then select:

• Reference book or reference database
• Online Reference database or printed reference book available from a database or Web site
  
• Encyclopedia or biographical dictionary
• An article or entry
• No. This is a reference database like Encyclopaedia Britannica or Wikipedia in which the content is not reproduced from a printed source.

Your citation with the optional URL will look like this:

"Barack Obama." Biography Resource Center. Gale, 17 Dec. 2009. Web. 21 Dec. 2009. <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC>.

NOTES:

• Use the database search page URL for your works cited list, if you plan to include an optional URL.
• MLA (1.5.4) suggests noting useful identifying information in a working bibliography to help you locate the source quickly while doing your research.  We suggest the following:
  
• Add the long but direct URL to your note cards, if Gale's "infomark" identifies it as a stable URL.
• Add the Gale document number to the annotation field.  When you are ready to export your source list, delete that number.

Case #2: A static encyclopedia article with print information given (Gale Document #K1645545957)

Gale provides the following information about a second article on Barack Obama (click on Gale's "Source Citation" under the Table of Contents to see this information at the bottom of the page):

"Barack Obama." Who's Who Among African Americans, 23rd ed. Gale, 2009. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2009. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC.

In this case the source was previously published in the reference book Who's Who Among African Americans.

Procedure: Choose the "Reference source" citation type, then select:

• Reference book or reference database
• Online Reference database or printed reference book available from a database or Web site
• Encyclopedia or biographical dictionary
• An article or entry
• Yes, I will provide the publication details of the original print publication in my citation.
  

"Barack Obama." Who's Who among African Americans. 23rd ed. 2009. Biography Resource Center. Web. 22 Dec. 2009. <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC>.

• Since this is a widely used reference source which appears regularly in new editions, the publication city or publisher's name are not included (MLA 5.5.7).
• Use the database search page URL for your works cited list, if you plan to include an optional URL.
• MLA (1.5.4) suggests noting useful identifying information in a working bibliography to help you locate the source quickly while doing your research.  We suggest the following:
  

• Add the long but direct URL to your note cards, if Gale's "infomark" identifies it as a stable URL.
  
• Add the Gale document number to the annotation field.  When you are ready to export your source list, delete that number.

Case #3: An updated article with print information (Gale Document #K1606004418)

Gale provides the following information about a third article on Barack Obama (click on "Source Citation" under the Table of Contents to see this information at the bottom of the page):

"Barack Obama." Contemporary Black Biography. Vol. 74. Gale, 2009. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2009. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC

This example falls into a gray area for citation purposes.  While Gale's citation suggests that this article is reproduced from Contemporary Black Biography, Gale indicates that the article has been "Updated: 12/17/2009."  Gale has added 2009 events and updated the bibliography to include current periodical articles (click on "Updates" to see them) and further readings. 

Procedure:

• If the article had been substantially changed by enrichment (e.g., commentary, introduction) or editing (e.g., excerpting, annotating), we would recommend citing this as a reference database article (Case #1).
  
• If the article has not been altered, cite it as a static article with print information (Case #2).

Essence, Oct 2009 v40 i6 p102 The New Black POWER. OBAMA'S DREAM TEAMBarack Obama's staff Gordy, Cynthia. 

• Magazine: a magazine article
• Online magazine (e-zine) or printed magazine available from a database or Web site
• When asked "Was this work originally in print?" select "Retrieved from an online database"
• When asked "What specifically are you citing?" select "An article."

Gordy, Cynthia. "The New Black Power: Obama's Dream Team." Essence Oct. 2009: 102. Biography Resource Center. Web. 22 Dec. 2009. <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC>.

NOTES:

• Use the database search page URL for your works cited list, if you plan to include an optional URL.
• MLA (1.5.4) suggests noting useful identifying information in a working bibliography to help you locate the source quickly while doing your research.  We suggest the following:
  

• Add the long but direct URL to your note cards, if Gale's "infomark" identifies it as a stable URL.
  
• Add the Gale document number to the annotation field.  When you are ready to export your source list, delete that number.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite an online reference book or reference database?

Definition: Online reference works (e.g., dictionary, encyclopedia, atlas or statistical source) contain basic factual information in a digital format (MLA 1.4.4). For citation purposes, you must determine if you have a dynamic database (Case #1) or a static reference book (Case #2) mounted online.

Case #1: An online article in a reference database - either a digital-original or a digitized print source updated like a database

• Reference book or reference database
• Online: Reference database or printed reference book available from a database or Web site
• Encyclopedia or biographical dictionary (or other reference type)
  
• An article or entry
• No. This is a reference database like Encyclopaedia Britannica or Wikipedia in which the content is not reproduced from a printed source.
   

  Choose "No" to the final question when:

  • The source is original online reference material (e.g., Wikipedia, ABC-CLIO databases, CountryWatch) - referred to as "a work cited only on the web" in MLA 5.6.2b;
  • No publication information is given for the original source  (e.g., CIA World Factbook)
  • The work was originally print but is now being updated as a reference database (e.g. Encyclopedia Britannica Online)
  • You cannot tell whether the reference source was originally published in print.

  The Encyclopedia of Earth article on global warming provides this citation:

  Nodvin, Stephen C. (Lead Author); Kevin Vranes (Topic Editor). 2009. "Global warming." In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth March 14, 2007; Last revised February 2, 2009; Retrieved December 25, 2009]. <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Global_warming>

  Your citation with the optional URL will look like this:
  

  Nodvin, Stephen C. "Global Warming." Encyclopedia of Earth. Ed. Kevin Vranes and Cutler J Cleveland. Environmental Information Coalition, 2 Feb. 2009. Web. 25 Dec. 2009. <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Global_warming>.
  

  Other examples:
  

  Wolf, Gregory. "The Soviet-Afghan War: A Lasting Legacy." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2009. Web. 25 Dec. 2009. <http://www.worldhistory.abc-clio.com>.
  "Global Warming." Britannica Online Encyclopædia. Encyclopædia Britannica, 4 Dec. 2009. Web. 25 Dec. 2009. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/235402/global-warming>.

  • You can find the persistent link in EB by clicking "Add to your site"
  • Click "Article History" to get the latest update date

• Reference book or reference database
• Online: Reference database or printed reference book available from a database or Web site
• Encyclopedia or biographical dictionary (or other reference type)
  
• An article or entry
• Yes. I will provide the publication details of the original print publication in my citation

Choose "Yes to the final question when:

• The city of publication, publisher, copyright date and other facts of publication are given  (e.g. Gale Virtual Reference Library, Definitions in The Oxford English Dictiionary and Dictionary.com)
• The reference book is a scan or pdf of the print - you can see the title page, copyright information, page numbers (e.g., Google Books, Questia, Project Gutenberg, National Academies Press)

Other examples:

"China." Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices. Ed. Thomas Riggs. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 219-35. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Dec. 2009.

• You can locate this source using Gale Document Number: CX3437900095
• Give full publication information since this is a specialized reference work that appears in only one edition (MLA 5.5.7)
• Browse the "eTable of Contents" to see that entries are not arranged alphabetically, so give inclusive page numbers. 

 

"Cornea." American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. 2004. Dictionary.com. Web. 22 Aug. 2009. <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cornea>.

• Even though Dictionary.com includes the publisher's name in their citation, give only abbreviated publication information (date, edition) since this is a widely used reference book that frequently appear in new editions (MLA 5.5.7).
• Treat this entry as static and identical to the print edition of the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language because Dictionary.com describes their service as "more like a bookstore or library than a publisher" <http://dictionary.reference.com/help/about.html>.  This is unlike the the Oxford English Dictionary advice in Step 23 of the Mansfield Park paper <http://www.mlahandbook.org/private/research/rp4.23>  (Handbook subscription required) because the online OED  is "updated quarterly with between one and two thousand new and revised entries."

 

"Classification of Economies." Map. 2005. Atlas of Global Development. 2007. 6-7. Google Books. Web. 25 Dec. 2009. <http://books.google.com/books?id=gWIVMRN0MaMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PT4#v=onepage&q=&f=false>.

(All Styles) Is my source a magazine or a journal?

A journal contains scholarly articles with abstracts and references (e.g., footnotes, parenthetical references, citations). Submissions are peer reviewed (except for editorials or columns) which means that the scholar's manuscript is evaluated prior to being accepted for publication by experts or researchers in the same field (academic peers) to decide if the work meets professional standards. The author's tone is serious and s/he uses words and ideas that are understood by experts but might be harder for a general reader to follow. The print layout may include graphs and charts, but few photos, pictures and ads. For example, see Cell Research http://www.cell-research.com/ In the growing number of peer reviewed electronic journals, color and design elements are more prominent. For example, see BMC Biology http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbiol/ Often published by an academic or professional organization, a journal is designed to advance knowledge or publish research findings in a scholarly discipline.

A magazine appeals to a general audience, although their depth ranges from substantive to simple. In all good writing, concepts are explained and information is attributed, but the author does not provide the rigorous proof or methodology evident in scholarly work. In magazines designed for a more educated audience, a short list of books for further reading may follow an article, but footnotes are rare. Eye-catching pictures, colorful design elements and fonts, and many ads are evident. For example, see Psychology Today http://www.psychologytoday.com/magazine or The New Yorker http://www.newyorker.com/ The goal of a magazine is to attract, inform and entertain general readers.

Why doesn't the form allow me to enter page numbers?

After you select a citation type (book, magazine, etc.), be sure to indicate that you wish to cite a chapter/section or individual article where prompted on the following screens, rather than the entire work.

If you answer that you are citing the entire work, then the final form will not prompt you to enter page numbers (or the name and author of the specific section, etc.).

If you are citing a particular section or chapter of a book-length text, you should provide page numbers of the entire section in your Works Cited or References list. If you are citing an article in a periodical, you should similarly provide page numbers of the entire article in your list. Then indicate the specific page numbers of the cited content in-text if necessary.

(MLA 7th ed.) What are the abbreviations the MLA Handbook suggests using?

The following list of standard abbreviations were taken from the MLA Handbook, 7th ed. They should be used as appropriate in your works cited list. 

(MLA 7th ed.) What is an imprint and how do I include it in my citation?

What are the differences between the various forms of online communications?

The following table lists several of the forms of online communication available today along with characteristics that help distinguish them.

*(APA) How do I cite CQ Researcher?

About the source:  CQ Researcher publishes original overviews of timely topics although, occasionally, it reprints other sources. On their "How to Cite" page, the CQ Researcher editors acknowledge that the format of their publication "may be interpreted differently by citation authorities...[as] a news magazine or scholarly journal."  Since each single-themed issue is researched and written by a single journalist rather than by individual authors reporting their scholarly research, we recommend that CQ Researcher be treated as a magazine.  

At the bottom of an issue CQ Researcher provides a "Document Citation" which is identical to the citation they provide for APA style when you click "Cite Now":

Case #1: An original article online

Procedure: Choose the "Magazine" citation type, then select:

• Magazine
• Online: Online magazine (e-zine) or printed magazine available online
• When asked "What specifically are you citing?" choose a basic magazine article. Note that CQ Researcher is a special case, in that it is a magazine that isn't actually divided into "articles" by different authors. However, choose "basic magazine article" here rather than "an entire issue" (which would not allow you to enter an author's name, only an editor's). The result will match CQ's own citation advice.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite an article from the World Book Online Reference Center?

About this database: The World Book Online Reference Center is composed of World Book Advanced, World Book Students, World Book Kids, etc. which can be subscribed to as a group or individually.  Content includes encyclopedia articles and links out to related EBSCO magazine articles.  In World Book Student, for example, an encyclopedia entry for "Meyer, Stephenie" includes links to articles from Newsweek and Christian Century magazine.

Procedure: Choose "Reference Source" as the citation type, then select:

• Reference book or reference database - an encyclopedia entry
• Online: Reference database or printed reference book available from a database or Web site
  
• Encyclopedia or biographical dictionary
• An article or entry
• No. This is a reference database like Encyclopaedia Britannica or Wikipedia in which the content is not reproduced from a printed source.

A typical citation with an optional URL will look like this:

Cech, John. "Meyer, Stephenie." World Book Student. World Book, 2009. Web. 26 Dec. 2009. <http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar753590>.

NOTES:

• As you start to type, NoodleBib's autofill will help you complete the name of the World Book database you actually used  (World Book Student, World Book Advanced, etc.).
• To create a permanent link to your World Book article, follow these instructions:
• Locate the ID number (see green) of your article in the URL after "id=" 
  http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar753590&st=stephenie+meye) 
• Use this shorter URL and add the number to it:
  http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar753590

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite an image retrieved from the AP Images database?

About the database: The AP Images database consists of over 5.5 million Associated Press photographs (1825 - present) with 3,000 photos added daily.  It also contains 180,000 graphics, primary source radio news (1920s - present), hourly audio newscasts and current news articles.

Case #1: To cite a photograph

When you click on a photograph, an enlarged image opens in a separate Web page.  This web page includes the name of the photographer, when and where the photograph was taken, an image ID number, size and resolution.  A substantive caption describes the background of the event, includes a list of people in the image and other pertinent information including quotations by participants. 

Cite an AP Image as a photograph in a database.

Procedure: Choose the "Painting, Sculpture or Photograph" citation type, then select:

• Painting, sculpture, photograph, etc. a photograph from an online database like Corbis, AP Images, or Flickr
• Online: Work of art displayed as part of an online museum or collection, or an online database of images
• A photograph or digital image that exists only on the Web (you will be prompted for the date of creation and publication)

For example, Mannie Garcia's photograph of Barack Obama, used by Shepard Fairey to create posters that The Associate Press alleges infringe on their copyright, is cited like this:

Garcia, Mannie. Obama Africa. 27 Apr. 2006. AP Images. AP, 17 Aug. 2006. Web. 15 Sept. 2009.

NOTES:

• The title is taken from the upper left-hand corner
• The Associated Press can be abbreviated to the acronym "AP" since it is a well-know abbreviation for this publisher (MLA 7.5)
• If you wish to include an optional URL, use the search page URL <http://apimages.ap.org/> since the image URL is long and complex.
• So that you can locate the image easily, add the Image ID (in this case 060427034297) to the Annotation field of your working bibliography but remove it before you complete your works cited list.

(MLA) How does NoodleBib format my Works Cited list (spacing, margins, etc.)?

When you use the "Open as Word Doc" feature to save your list as a file that can be opened in a word processor, NoodleBib automatically formats your list according to the recommendations in the MLA Handbook (section 5.3 - 5.4). This includes:

1. 1" left and right margin
2. 1" top margin to the title ("Works Cited" or other custom title)
3. 1/2" top margin to header (if using one)
4. 1/2" hanging indentation (for entries which extend past a single line)
5. Double-spacing throughout
6. Annotation continues immediately following the citation, as illustrated in section 5.3 of the MLA Handbook

This formatting is illustrated below, using a source list created in NoodleBib and then opened in Microsoft Word:

(APA) When citing a video, why is the term "Motion picture" appearing in my citation?

Videotape vs. Motion Picture

The APA Publication Manual does mention in section 4.12 that the term "Videotape" can be used to more specifically indicate the film's medium. But the citations shown in example 65 all use the term "Motion picture" (even one that is made available only on tape from APA -- "Responding therapeutically to patient expressions..."). The term "Motion picture" is a generic term, covering all mediums. So either is correct -- in NoodleBib, we always use the term "Motion picture."

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite an online transcript of a speech?

To cite a transcript of a speech, determine if you have the complete text (Case #1) or an edited and/or enriched excerpt (Case #2) of the speech.

Case #1: Cite a complete online transcript of a speech using the "Lecture, Speech, Address or Reading" citation form.

An authoritative version of a speech can be mounted on the original speaker's site or an official site.  For example, the White House Web site mounts transcripts and complete audio recordings of the current President's speeches. A transcript of President Obama's weekly address calling for Judge Sotomayor's confirmation <http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/WEEKLY-ADDRESS-President-Obama-Calls-for-Thorough-and-Timely-Confirmation-for-Judge-Sonia-Sotomayor/> is cited with the optional URL like this:

"President Obama Calls for Thorough and Timely Confirmation for Judge Sonia Sotomayor." Weekly Address. The White House, Washington D.C. 30 May 2009. Whitehouse.gov. Web. 13 Sept. 2009. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/>.

NOTES:

• There is a long but stable link to the exact speech but you can provide the White House home page from which a search on "Weekly Address Sotomayor" will retrieve the source.

Case #2: Cite an abridged or edited online transcript of a speech using the "Web site" citation type.

While one might find a complete transcript of a former President's speech at an official Presidential Library, a transcript from the Annals of American History is likely to have been edited and enriched by an editor, such as this excerpt from George W. Bush's "Declaration of War on Terrorism" <http://america.eb.com/america/print?articleId=387729> which includes an editor's "Introduction."  The citation for an edited version of a speech online (with the optional URL) looks like this:

Bush, George W. "Declaration of War on Terrorism." Annals of American History. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2001. Web. 13 Sept. 2009. <http://america.eb.com/america/print?articleId=387729>.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I include the illustrator of a graphic novel or picture book in my citation and where does the name belong?

Case #1: A book with an author and illustrator

NoodleBib will place the illustrator's name following the title of the book:

Thomson, Pat. The Squeaky, Creaky Bed. Illus. Niki Daly. New York: Doubleday, 2003. N. pag. Print.

If you wish to stress the contribution of the illustrator(s) rather than the author. place the illustrator(s) name first and the author's name  behind the title after you have exported your citation to a word processor:

Daly, Niki, illus. The Squeaky, Creaky Bed. By Pat Thomson. New York: Doubleday, 2003. N. pag. Print.

NOTE:

• Many picture books are unpaged so you will not be able to put page numbers in your parenthetical references.  If you answer "No" to "Does the source have page numbers?" the abbreviation "N. pag." will be added to your citation to explain their absence.

Case #2: A book with an author who is also the illustrator

When a graphic novel or picture book has been written and illustrated by one author, that person's name should remain in the author position:

Kinney, Jeff. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw. New York: Amulet-Abrams, 2009. Print. 

Smith, Jeff. Bone: Crown of Horns. Vol. 9. New York: Graphix-Scholastic, 2009. Print.

NOTE:

• When an imprint appears on the title page, include the imprint followed by a hyphen and the publisher's name in the publisher field.

Case #3: A graphic novel with multiple contributors

After you export your works cited to a word processor, you can add a citation for a graphic novel that has been developed by a team of contributors.  Begin the entry with the name of the person you wish to stress, followed by that person’s role. List each collaborators after the title in the order in which they appear on the title page, followed by the term that the source uses to describe that person's role.

Shakespeare, William, original author. Macbeth: The Graphic Novel. Ed. Clive Bryant. Script adapt. by John McDonald. American English adapt. by Joe Sutliff Sanders. Character designs and original art by Jon Haward. Coloring and lettering by Nigel Dobbyn. Inking by Gary Erskine. Design and layout by Jo Wheeler and Greg Powell. Additional information by Karen Wenborn. Litchborough: Classical Comics, 2008. Print.

(MLA 7th ed.) Does the name of the editor come at the beginning of the citation or after the title?

A common question is where to put the name of the editor (or compiler, translator, etc.) when there is no author (or an author is not named). Whether or not the editor comes at the beginning of the citation or after the title depends on a few different criteria. There are 4 cases:

Case #1: An entire anthology/collection (5.5.3) or the whole reference work (5.5.7)

The editor appears at the beginning of the citation. The editor is seen as the "creator" of the entire work. 

Procedure: Choose either "Anthology / /Book Collection" or "Reference Source" as the citation type, then select:

• "The entire anthology" or "The entire reference source" when prompted.

Case #2: A short work in an anthology/collection (5.5.3) or an article or entry in a reference work (5.5.7)

The editor appears after the title. If the author is not known, the citation will begin with the title of the book.

Procedure: Choose either "Anthology / /Book Collection" or "Reference Source" as the citation type, then select:

• "Material in a collection / anthology" or "Am article or entry" in an anthology, when prompted.

Case #3: A scholarly edition (5.5.10)

The editor will appear after the title.  A scholarly edition, not a book published in a new edition (5.5.13), is a literary or classical work which has been prepared by an editor from various versions.   For example, an editor creates a new edition of a play by Shakespeare in which the editor choses certain lines from one folio, updates punctuation and spelling, and writes an introduction and explanatory notes.

Procedure: Choose the "Book" citation type.

Case #4: The exception -- stressing the contribution of a particular person

If you wish to stress a particular contributor to the work, you may want to list that person first.  A citation for a Film or Video Recording (5.7.3) might put the director's name first in an essay about the director, while an essay about an actor might want to stress the actor's contribution and, therefore, put the actor's name first in the citation. In MLA style any work, including a graphic novel (5.5.12) or translation (5.5.10), may list a stressed individual first.

Currently we have implemented this for the "Film or Video Recording" citation type.  However, we have not broadly implemented this option elsewhere because we feel that it would be too confusing for students.  If you would like to stress the work of an individual where NoodleBib does not handle this option, please make the change once you have exported your list to a word processor.

(MLA, APA) How do I cite SparkNotes and CliffsNotes?

CliffsNotes and SparkNotes both offer free study guides online for well-known literature. Both are cited in a similar manner. We'll look at the SparkNote and CliffNotes for The Awakening, by Kate Chopin:

SparkNotes: http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/

CliffsNotes: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/id-25.html

Finding the author

When citing a SparkNote, click on the "How do I cite this SparkNote?" link beneath the table of contents. This page will indicate the authors of the SparkNote (which they don't appear to report within the SparkNote itself). Likewise, if you are using CliffsNotes, click the "Cite this literature note" link near the bottom of the contents screen to view the author(s) of the note.

MLA

Select "Web site" as the citation type and leave the default "General Web site" option selected on the following screen. Answer "Free" to "Free or subscription content?" and indicate that the material is retrieved via a unique URL. On the main form, provide the author's name (see "Finding the author" above) and the name of the Web site (either "SparkNote on The Awakening" or "CliffsNotes on The Awakening" in this case). If you are citing a specific chapter within the note, provide the page or article title (for example, "Themes, Motifs & Symbols") and the unique URL directly to that section (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/themes.html).

Example MLA citations:

Ward, Selena, and Sarah Spain. "Themes, Motifs & Symbols." SparkNote on The Awakening. 11 Feb. 2006 <http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/themes.html>.

Kelly, Maureen. "Character Analyses: Edna Pontellier." CliffsNotes on The Awakening. 11 Feb. 2006 <http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/id-25,pageNum-100.html>.

APA

Select "Web site" as the citation type and leave the default "General Web site" option selected on the following screen. Select "URL" as the online retrieval mechanism. On the main form, provide the name of the Web page/document (either "SparkNote on The Awakening" or "CliffsNotes on The Awakening" in this case) and the author (see "Finding the author" above). If you are citing a specific chapter within the note, provide the title of the specific section/chapter (for example, "Themes, motifs & symbols") and the unique URL directly to that section (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/themes.html).

Example APA citations:

Ward, S., & Spain, S. (n.d.). Themes, motifs & symbols. In SparkNote on The Awakening. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/awakening/themes.html

Kelly, M. (n.d.). Character analyses: Edna Pontellier. In CliffsNotes on The Awakening. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/id-25,pageNum-100.html

Note: The "n.d." indicates that the site does not provide a date of electronic publication for the note. You may indicate the copyright year in that field, if you wish.

(All Styles) I no longer have the periodicals I used in my research, but I forgot to write down the page numbers for the articles or quotes that I used. What can I do?

If you are citing a periodical article and you forgot to make note of necessary publication information (like the inclusive page numbers of the article, or the specific page number of a quotation), you have a few options:

1. You can cite the online version of the article instead. Most major newspapers have an online site with an archive of articles.
2. If your library subscribes to a subscription service like ProQuest Newspapers, you can log in to that and find your article there -- they provide the information about the original printed source as well (so you can either cite it as an online article from a database, or you can just add the page number(s) into your existing print citation).
3. If neither of the above options work, you'll need to return to your library and retrieve the print periodical. In the future, you might consider xeroxing the articles themselves (and the cover of the periodical), to be sure you have everything you need.
   

(All Styles) What is the difference between an InfoTrac and Galenet database (and does it change my citation)?

InfoTrac vs. Galenet

Historically, Thomson Gale's periodical databases (e.g., InfoTrac Student, General Reference Center Gold, InfoTrac OneFile) were built on a platform called InfoTrac, while their reference resource centers (Student Resource Center, Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center, Literature Resource Center) were built on a different platform named Galenet.

In the past, it was necessary to distinguish between InfoTrac and Galenet databases since it changed what URL you provided in your citation, as shown in this out-of-date help screen:

http://support.gale.com/gale/article.html?article=1467

However, the citation document above was written prior to Thomson Gale's standardization effort, which included making all of their databases accessible via the InfoTrac platform. For your citations now, you may use http://infotrac.galegroup.com/ as the base URL for both InfoTrac and Galenet products.

Note: Thank you to the product manager and technical solutions consultant at Thomson Gale who helped us with this!

(MLA 7th ed.) What citation type do I use to cite a primary source such as a reproduction of a letter or a transcript of a speech in an anthology?

The Civil War Archive: The History of the American Civil War in Documents by Henry Steele Commager <http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1579121101> contains primary source material and editor-written introductions to some sections. For the purpose of the Works Cited list, it doesn't matter whether the publication is a photographic facsimile of the document or a transcription of the text content. This citation for a letter in the book looks the same same as the example for a published letter in MLA 5.7.13:

Lincoln, Abraham. Letter to E. B. Washburne. 13 Dec. 1860. The Civil War Archive: The History of the American Civil War in Documents. Ed. Henry Steele Commager and Erik Bruun. Rev. and Expanded ed. New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 2000. 44-45. Print.

If you also use the editor's notes or introductions, create an entry under the editor's name. To avoid redundancy you may use cross referencing (5.3.6).  First make a full citation for the entire anthology. 

Commager, Henry Steele, and Erik Bruun, eds. The Civil War Archive: The History of the American Civil War in Documents. Rev. and Expanded ed. New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 2000. Print.

Then make abbreviated citations for the sources you used as, for example, this one for the letter:

Lincoln, Abraham. Letter to E. B. Washburne. 13 Dec. 1860. Commager and Bruun 44-45.

Your parenthetical references might read as follows:

...and secession "brought frantic efforts to compromise" (Commager and Bruun 44). Lincoln, who would not compromise in regards to slavery, wrote to Washburne, stating "blah blah blah" (45).

What are unique and persistent URLs?

Unique URLs

The term "unique" implies that there is a URL that you can provide to someone else that will get that person directly to the page you were viewing. If the URL of the Web page ends in ".html" or ".htm", then the URL will usually be unique. However, other pages like those ending with ".asp", ".jsp", or ".php", are quite likely not unique. You also have to be careful with Web sites that use frames, since the URL in the browser's address bar does not necessarily reflect the address of a framed page that you are viewing. You can determine whether or not a URL is unique to the content cited by navigating to the page you are trying to cite, and then cutting and pasting the URL that appears in the browser's address field into a different browser window. If the page that you are citing loads in the new window, then you know that the URL is unique to that page.

Persistent URLs

The term "persistent" implies that a given URL will ALWAYS be associated with the Web page in question. In some databases, the URL that you see in the browser's address bar is not persistent (it has information about your browser session, your school ID, etc.) BUT the database may provide a separate link that is a persistent link to the material. EBSCO databases work this way, for example.

Length/Complexity

There is also the question of URL complexity. While it may be both unique and persistent, a URL may still be too long and complex to use in a citation. If the URL cannot be easily reproduced by a reader, it is often better to provide the URL of the home page (giving a link path to the content) or search page (these are options in NoodleBib).

(APA 6th ed.) How do I cite a source that is quoted in another source?

Scenario: You have read a journal article written by John Smith. In the article, John Smith includes a quote from a book authored by Jane Adams (which you have not used in your own research). You would like to include Jane Adams' quote in your own paper but you do not have access to her book, Chicken Little.

Include an entry for the source you have in hand (the journal) in your reference list. In your parenthetical reference after the quote, credit the original source (the book) in addition to citing the secondary source. Use the words "as cited in..." to indicate that you are using material from a secondary source (APA 6.17).

For example:

...Adams asserts in her book Chicken Little that "without a doubt, the chicken came before the egg" (as cited in Smith, 2005).

(APA) What do I do if my source has multiple publishers?

The APA Publication Manual doesn't specifically address what to do when a source has more than one publisher. They do indicate that if more than one publication location is given, to just give the location listed first in the book (see section 4.14, p. 231 of the APA Publication Manual). The APA style helper software also provides no guidance with this. The manuscript editors at APA recommended that only the first publisher be listed in the citation. They used the publication location bullet mentioned above as the "rationale" for this.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite a Web page compilation of sources from Answers.com?

About the source: A Web page at Answers.com compiles material from reference sources, primarily online dictionaries and encyclopedias, on a single Web page. For example, a page about Martin Luther King, Jr. <http://www.answers.com/topic/martin-luther-king-jr> aggregates the results from 14 different sources, including Wikipedia, Who2, the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, Contemporary Black Biography and West's Encyclopedia of American Law and others. You can see more about a source if you click on the final link of the "breadcrumbs" listed under the title of each entry.

At the bottom of the article, if you click the "Cite" button next to a source, Answers.com claims to produce MLA, APA, and Chicago citations but they are incorrect.  Do not use the citation from Answers.com: "Martin Luther King, Jr.." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2009. Answers.com 30 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/martin-luther-king-jr  Frankly, we have no idea why they underline Wikipedia and italicize Answers.com or why they omit brackets around the URL. Even more problematic, the citation format tells us that they are treating Wikipedia as a printed reference book, a fact we know to be incorrect.

Regardless, there is a larger question here: How should repurposed material from a book, or a Web site or a database be cited if it appears as a single Web page compilation? We asked the MLA editorial staff about citing Answers.com and this is the response:

"For the page at Answers.com, I have two approaches that entail no change in the basic MLA guidelines.  First, the less serious student should just cite this page itself.  After all, there's no telling whether the material said to be from other sources has been modified or is kept up-to-date.  There would be a false precision to meticulously citing, say, Houghton Mifflin when all one consulted was the Answers.com page.  Second, the more serious student realizes this problem of sourcing and will not use Answers.com but will instead go to the original sources."

Based on this advice, we recommend that you locate and cite the original source (see Preferred Option #1).  If that is not possible, cite the Answers.com page as a Web page (Option #2). 

Preferred Option #1: Cite the original encyclopedia article in Wikipedia (MLA 5.6.2b)

Procedure: Choose the Reference Source citation type, then select:

• Reference book or reference database
• Online: Reference database or printed reference book available from a database or Web site
• Encyclopedia or biographical dictionary
• An article or entry
• No. This is a reference database like Encyclopaedia Britannica or Wikipedia in which the content is not reproduced from a printed source.

Your citation will look like this:

"Martin Luther King, Jr." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Dec. 2009. Web. 15 Dec. 2009. <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.&oldid=331846624>.

NOTE: If you choose to include a URL, you can get the permanent link to the Wikipedia article by clicking "Cite this source" located in the Toolbox sidebar on the left hand side of a Wikipedia entry.

Option #2: Cite the compilation of sources displayed on a single web page, such as in Answers.com: (MLA 5.6.2b)

Procedure: Choose Web site citation type, then select: 

• Web page or other Web-only nonperiodical publication
• No content type below applies

Your citation will look like this:

"Martin Luther King, Jr." Answers.com. Answers, 2009. Web. 15 Dec. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/martin-luther-king-jr.

A final note on evaluating a reference source
Clearly not all "reference sources" are created equal.  While Answers.com conveniently gathers reference results for a subject, there is no way for the reader to determine how often the sources are updated or how they have been altered.  Given these questions of currency and accuracy, even novice researchers could aim to hunt down the original reference material at an appropriate reading level and read that original source.

(All Styles) How do I locate a persistent link for an article from an EBSCO database?

When you are viewing an article from an EBSCO database, the address you see in your browser's address bar is not the URL you should include in your citation -- it is too long and complex. However, EBSCO does provide a shorter, persistent URL for every article. If you are using EBSCOhost, click the name of the article in your search results list to view to bring up the citation format view for the article. Search for the "Persistent link to this record" URL near the bottom of the screen and copy and paste it into NoodleBib's URL field. It will look similar but not identical to this one:

http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=12239599&db=buh

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite material from CultureGrams (online)?

About this database: CultureGrams contains reports on the countries and cultures of the world.  The articles are written for the database, not reproductions of articles published in other sources.

Procedure: To cite a CultureGrams article, select either "Reference Source" or "Online Database."  Be sure to indicate that this is original content.

Your citation will look like this (with the optional URL):

"Peru." CultureGrams World Edition. ProQuest, 2009. Web. 1 Oct. 2009.  <http://online.culturegrams.com/>.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite primary sources reproduced in a Facts on File database?

About the databases: Facts on File databases like American History Online and Ancient and Medieval History Online contain primary sources such as agreements and treaties, charters and constitutions, court decisions and legal acts, letters, diaries and memoirs and transcripts of speeches, accompanied by a short introduction written by the editors.

Case #1:  A primary source document and an editorial introduction

The transcript of Warren T. Harding's 1921 Inaugural Address, preceded by a summary of the main points in his speech with some historical background, is cited by Facts on File like this:

Harding, Warren G. "Inaugural Address, 1921." Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States, 1789-1965. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=E00790&SingleRecord=True (accessed December 23, 2009).

• Yes, this is original content created for this database.

"Inaugural Address, 1921." American History Online. Fact on File, 2009. Web. 22 Dec. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=E00790&SingleRecord=True>. 

• To cite just the primary source, determine if Facts on File has provided sufficient information (meeting name, sponsor, locate and full date) to complete the "Lecture, Speech, Address or Reading" form. 
• Lacking complete information, your next option is to locate the transcript of the address in an online archive.  Since the source is in the public domain, it is freely-available at several sites including The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School: <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/harding.asp>.

Harding, Warren G. "Inaugural Address." US Presidential Inauguration. Capital Bldg., Washington D.C. 4 Mar. 1921. Avalon Project, Yale Law School. Web. 22 Dec. 2009. <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/harding.asp>

U.S. Congress. "Sedition Act, 1918." United States Statutes at Large, 65th Cong., Sess. II, Chp. 75, p. 553-554. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=E02120&SingleRecord=True (accessed December 23, 2009).

Sedition Act of 1918. Pub. L. 65-150. Stat. 40.553. 16 May 1918. American History Online. Facts On File, 2009. Web. 23 Mar. 2007 <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=E02120&SingleRecord=True>.

Wickersham Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. "Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States (excerpt)." American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=E14034&SingleRecord=True (accessed December 23, 2009).

"Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States." American History Online. Facts on File, 2009. Web. 23 Dec. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=E14034&SingleRecord=True>.

Case #3a:  A Supreme Course case with sufficient information

U.S. Supreme Court. "Abrams v. United States." 40 Supreme Court Reporter, p. 17-22. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=E10510&SingleRecord=True (accessed December 23, 2009).

• Online: Law case available online
• Reported - Information is given about the reporter in which the case was published (volume and page number).

Abrams v. United States. 40 S. Ct. 17. Supreme Court of the US. 1919. American History Online. Facts on File, n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=E10510&SingleRecord=True>. 

Anthony, Susan B. "Petition to Congress Requesting Women's Suffrage." In Frost, Elizabeth, and Kathryn Cullen-DuPont. Women's Suffrage in America: An Eyewitness History. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 1992. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=awhd0184&SingleRecord=True (accessed December 23, 2009).

• Material in a collection
• Online

Your citation with the optional URL will look like:

Anthony, Susan B. "Petition to Congress Requesting Women's Suffrage." Women's Suffrage in America: An Eyewitness History. New York: Facts, 1992. N. pag. American History Online. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=awhd0184&SingleRecord=True>.

(APA) How do I include the illustrator in my citation?

Thomson, P. (2003). The Squeaky, Creaky Bed (N. Daly, Illus.). New York: Doubleday.

(All Styles) How do I distinguish between a primary source, a secondary source and a tertiary source?

• Letters, diaries, journals, oral histories, interviews, sound recordings and ethnographic research records created by eyewitness observers.  They record that person's experiences and activities and contain descriptions of people, places and events of the time.
• Published material such as newspapers, books and articles written at the time.
• Government records including birth and death certificates, deeds, trial transcripts, census records, patents, treaties and other documents produced by federal and local government and the courts.
• Business records such as reports, surveys and minutes of meetings and conferences that document contemporaneous activities, people and events.
• Visual material such as photographs, video recordings, drawings, maps, posters and cartoons created at the time.
• Artifacts such as tools, weapons, crafts, furniture, buildings, roads, machines or other objects made by humans living at the time.
  

• Published books and articles such as biographies, histories, and commentaries written by people who did not lexperience events firsthand
• Textbooks and encyclopedias - classified as secondary sources if they interpret and analyze information (see below)
  

• Encyclopedias - classified as tertiary sources if they digest rather than interpret information
• Handbooks
• Almanacs
• Indexes

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite articles from the DISCovering Series (DISCovering Authors, DISCovering Biography, DISCovering Multicultural America or EXPLORING Short Stories), reproduced in a Gale database like Student Resource Center or Discovering Collection?

1. Previously published essays and articles from books, reference books and anthologies, then reproduced in a "DISCovering" CD-ROM title and online database, now again reproduced in your current database.  Cite only the original source and the database your are using and ignore the intermediate "DISCovering" database (see case #1).
   
   
2. Original articles written for the "DISC" or EXPLORING databases now in your current database.  Cite them as original to your current database (see case #2)

• At the top of the page, Gale tells us that this essay is from the book: A Zen Wave: Basho's Haiku and Zen, Weatherhill, 1978.
• At the bottom of the page they provide a "Source Citation:"

Aitken, Robert. "Criticism by Robert Aitken." DISCovering Authors. Online ed. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Student Resource Center - Gold. Gale. Library Name. 22 Dec. 2009 <URL>.

• Book (default)
  
• Online: E-book or printed book available from a database or Web site
• A special section of the book (like an introduction or preface)
• Yes. I will provide the publication details of the original print publication in my citation.

Here is what your citation will look like in NoodleBib:

Aitken, Robert. "The Old Pond." A Zen Wave: Bashō Haiku and Zen. [New York]: Weatherhill, 1978. [3-7]. Student Resource Center Gold. Web. 8 Apr. 2010. <http://www.gale.cengage.com/SRC/>.

• Gale does not give complete publication facts for Weatherhill but an enterprising student can use WorldCat <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4194126&referer=brief_results> or Google Books to find the city of publication and page numbers which can be added in brackets, showing that they are known but not given by the database.
• While Gale's Source Citation includes the intermediate database, "DISCovering Authors," do not include it in your citation.  Cite only the database that you are using (e.g., Student Resource Center Gold, DISCovering Collection, etc.).

• At the top of the page, Gale tells us: Overview of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Pearl James. EXPLORING Novels. Online ed. Detroit: Gale, 2003.
• At the bottom of the page they provide a "Source Citation:"

James, Pearl. "Overview of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." EXPLORING Novels. Online ed. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Discovering Collection. Gale. School Name. 8 Apr. 2010 <URL>.

• Yes, this is original content created for this database
  

• While Gale includes the intermediate database, "EXPLORING Novels," do not include it in your citation.  Cite only the database that you are using (e.g., Student Resource Center Gold, DISCovering Collection, etc.).

• Reprint or excerpt
• Reprint or excerpt from: a book
• Online: Material from a book reprinted or excerpted in a printed book / collection, available online

Your citation would include both database names and the name of the original book:

Aitken, Robert. "Criticism by Robert Aitken." DISCovering Authors. [Detroit]: Gale, 1978. [3-7]. Rpt. of A Zen Wave: Basho's Haiku and Zen. [New York]: Weatherhill, 1978. N. pag. Student Resource Center Gold. Web. 15 Sept. 2009. <http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/start.do?prodId=SRC-1&userGroupName=palo_alto>. 

NOTE:

• The place of anthology publication is required so the student could research this information in WorldCat or Google Books and then add it (along with other missing publication information) in square brackets to show that it wasn't given by the database.
  

-----------------------------------------

Appendix: Correspondence with MLA editors

Summary

"...limit the entry to...the original print source (if any) and the Web source used by the student....These two elements are the most critical ones.  The original print source has the greatest authority, because the other versions are copies of it. And the Web source used by the student is the actual basis of the work in the paper.  Any intermediate versions are less significant."

"...cite only the database that the student consulted...a student who consistently tried to document them would have a hard time tracking all the mutations (databases merging, changing names, changing owners, etc.)."

"Here I'd recommend citing the earlier database as well as the one consulted.  But that is an ad hoc judgment, made at the writer's discretion.  Partly it's based on knowing that the Gale databases are relatively stable.  I would not elevate that advice into a rule, because such a rule would drive students crazy in the 99% of cases where the earlier databases were irrelevant."

E-mail correspondence with MLA

As you can see in "Response #2, MLA's first inclination was to ignore the original database (DISCovering Authors) and cite it as a Web page in Student Resource Center.  They reconsidered in "Response #3." In addition, the first part of the conversation addresses what to do with articles that were not original to the DISCovering Authors database (i.e., they came from a printed book, periodical article, etc.).

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E-MAIL #1 TO MLA FROM US
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A question came up recently that we thought you might be able to help with, since it deals with a citation format that isn't specifically addressed in the MLA Handbook. Gale publishes some subscription databases where the articles in the databases are pulled from other databases that they publish separately. For example, they have a database "DISCovering Authors" -- which they apparently first published as a CD-ROM reference database, and then as an online database. They then they pull articles from "DISCovering Authors" and reproduce them in other databases like "Discovering Collection" and "Student Resource Center Bronze." The articles in "DISCovering Authors" are a combination of articles reprinted from print sources and articles written for the database (not reprinted).
 
If you look at Gale's "source citations" I _THINK_ they are treating these as "material from the online version (e.g., "DISCovering Authors" online) of a CD-ROM reference source (e.g., "DISCovering Authors" on CD-ROM), reproduced in a subscription database (e.g., "SRC Bronze" or "Discovering Collection")."
 
Here is one of their source citations:
 
"Anne Sexton." _DISCovering Authors_. Online Edition. Detroit: Gale, 2003. _Discovering Collection_. Thomson Gale. Example Lib., Palo Alto, CA. 21 Aug. 2006 <http://find.galegroup.com/ips/infomark.do?&contentSet=GSRC&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=IPS&docId=EJ2101207317&source=gale&srcprod=DISC&userGroupName=sas&version=1.0>.
 
If you look at the article, it actually says at the top:
 
"Anne Sexton," in Concise Dictionary of American Literary Biography: The New Consciousness, 1941-1968, Gale, 1987, pp. 459-70.
 
But Gale ignores the original source of the material if it wasn't original to the DISCovering Authors CD-ROM/database (probably because the resulting citations would just be getting too complex). I believe that Gale has chosen to use the phrase "Online edition" in the citation to indicate that the material was pulled from the DISCovering Authors database (which reproduced the material from the original CD-ROM reference database). I'm not sure what they would do if the original database was not on CD-ROM?
 
What are your thoughts on these? Do you think what Gale is doing is reasonable? What would we do for material from an online subscription database reproduced in a different subscription database (not from a CD-ROM)?
 
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E-MAIL RESPONSE #1 FROM MLA
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If I understand your description correctly, I would limit the entry to the two elements mentioned in 5.9.7 (as well as elsewhere in 5.9, [refers to MLA 6th edn.] with regard to various Web publications): namely, the original print source (if any) and the Web source used by the student.  I would not worry about intermediate databases.
 
These two elements are the most critical ones.  The original print source has the greatest authority, because the other versions are copies of it. And the Web source used by the student is the actual basis of the work in the paper.  Any intermediate versions are less significant.
 
I hope these comments apply.
 
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E-MAIL #2 TO MLA FROM US
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Yes, I would agree with that (although that isn't Gale's citation advice). But what about the case where the material is original to the first database (it was never in print)? For example, DISCovering Authors (on CD-ROM and then later in an online database version) has some article created specifically for that database. Then they create a new database called Student Resource Center that reproduces that article. If you look at Gale's example citation for this, they give something like the Anne Sexton one I gave in my previous e-mail (that one did have an original print source, which Gale ignored, but some other articles do not).
 
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E-MAIL RESPONSE #2 FROM MLA
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Then I would cite only the database that the student consulted.  I believe that the _MLA Handbook_ says nothing about documenting prior databases.  A student who consistently tried to document them would have a hard time tracking all the mutations (databases merging, changing names, changing owners, etc.).
 
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E-MAIL #3 TO MLA FROM US
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If the source was previously in print, than citing the print material and just the database you used would be adequate. But simply citing the material as if it came from the database you are looking at doesn't seem adequate if the original material came from the Web (or specifically in this case, another database). You could have two articles, both titled "X", where the citation was the same because one "X" was from database A and the other "X" was from database B, but you are not including information about A or B in the citation.
 
Perhaps the question is really broader than the one I am asking here. I think the real question is what does one do with material that was created for the Web (a generic Web page or, as in this case, an article created for a database), that gets reproduced in another database (or another Web site?)?
 
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E-MAIL RESPONSE #3 FROM MLA
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Here I'd recommend citing the earlier database as well as the one consulted.  But that is an ad hoc judgment, made at the writer's discretion.  Partly it's based on knowing that the Gale databases are relatively stable.  I would not elevate that advice into a rule, because such a rule would drive students crazy in the 99% of cases where the earlier databases were irrelevant.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite spotlight essays, streaming videos, tables and charts and other material from Gale's Opposing Viewpoints database?

About this database: Gale's Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center poses a variety of citation problems to solve because it includes anthologies, reference works, tables and charts, podcasts, images and other media.

1. The most common source you will be citing is called a "Viewpoint Essay"  See How do I cite a Viewpoint Essay in Gale's Opposing Viewpoints? for directions on how to cite these pro / con articles republished from Greenwood print series.

2. Less often you may want to cite a Discovery streaming video you found through Opposing Viewpoints.  See How do I cite online streaming videos previously available in another medium? for instructions.

3. Occasionally you will want to cite a "Spotlight Essay."  According to an e-mail from a Gale Content Project Manager, "The spotlights are stand alone articles that are created for Opposing Viewpoints and only appear online. The spotlights do not appear in a print title."  Therefore, cite a spotlight essay as original content in an online database (choose "Online Database" as the citation type, then answer "Yes, this is original content created for this database" on the next screen).

4. Finally you may want to cite statistical tables and charts from a secondary source

MLA says,  "Whenever you can, take material from the original source, not a secondhand one," (MLA 6.4.7; MLA Guide to Scholarly Publishing 7.4.7), we suggest that you locate the original statistical information and cite it directly using the  appropriate citation type (e.g., "Technical / Research Report" or "Web Page.")

Example: A basic search on "illegal immigrants" yields sources called "Statistical Tables" under the "Statistics Tab" some of which were list access dates of 2004 and 2005.  Search the publishers' web sites to see if these tables have moved or more recent tables are available.

Example: For Gale Document #EJ2210065146, a "Statistical Table" from a Publish Agenda report, a search on the Public Agenda site found, "A Place To Call Home: What Immigrants Say Now About Life In America" <http://www.publicagenda.org/pages/immigrants-2009-topline> with more recent data.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite a biography in American History Online from Facts On File?

Wilson, Richard L. "McCain, John." American Political Leaders, American Biographies. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2002. (Updated 2008.) American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=APL172&SingleRecord=True (accessed December 24, 2009).

• Reference book or reference database
• Online: Reference database or printed reference book available from a database or Web site
• Encyclopedia or biographical dictionary
• An article or entry
• No. This is a reference database like Encyclopaedia Britannica or Wikipedia in which the content is not reproduced from a printed source.

Wilson, Richard L. "McCain, John." American History Online. Facts on File, 2008. Web. 24 Dec. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=APL172&SingleRecord=True>.

• If you choose to include a URL, the "Record URL" at the bottom of the page is short and stable.
• If the biographee's name is reverse in the title, retain that format in your entry.

Oakes, Elizabeth H. "Truth, Sojourner." American Writers, American Biographies. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2004. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=AW233&SingleRecord=True (accessed December 24, 2009).

• Reference book or reference database
• Online: Reference database or printed reference book available from a database or Web site
• Encyclopedia or biographical dictionary
• An article or entry
• Yes. I will provide the publication details of the original print publication in my citation.

Oakes, Elizabeth H. "Truth, Sojourner." American Writers. New York: Facts on File, 2004. American Biographies. American History Online. Web. 24 Dec. 2009. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=AW233&SingleRecord=True>.

(MLA 7th ed.) How do I cite CQ Researcher?

About the source:  CQ Researcher publishes original overviews of timely topics although, occasionally, it reprints other sources. On their "How to Cite" page, the CQ Researcher editors acknowledge that the format of their publication "may be interpreted differently by citation authorities...[as] a news magazine or scholarly journal."  Since each single-themed issue is researched and written by a single journalist rather than by individual authors reporting their scholarly research, we recommend that CQ Researcher be treated as a magazine.  

At the bottom of an issue CQ Researcher provides a "Document Citation" which looks like this:

Marshall, P. (2009, November 6). Online privacy. CQ Researcher, 19, 933-956. Retrieved December 22, 2009, from CQ Researcher Online, http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2009110600.

If you click "Cite Now" and choose MLA style, they provide another citation:

Marshall, Patrick. "Online Privacy." CQ Researcher 19.39 (2009): 933-956. CQ Researcher. Web. 22 Dec. 2009. <http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2009110600>.

Case #1: An original article online

Procedure: Choose the "Magazine" citation type, then select:

• Magazine
• Online: Online magazine (e-zine) or printed magazine available from a database or Web site
• An exact copy reposted on a Web site
• An article.
• When asked "What specifically are you citing?" choose an article. Note that CQ Researcher is a special case, in that it is a magazine that isn't actually divided into "articles" by different authors.

A citation with the optional URL will look like this:

Marshall, Patrick. "Online Privacy." CQ Researcher 6 Nov. 2009: 933-56. Web. 22 Dec. 2009. <http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2009110600>.

NOTES:

• The unique and stable URL is shown as the "Document URL" at the bottom of the page.
  
• Since CQ Researcher is a magazine published weekly in print and online 44 times a year, give the full date, but not volume or issue numbers even if they are shown (5.4.6. An Article in a Magazine)

(APA 6th ed.) How do I cite a source from the ERIC database?

1. Identifiable sources (e.g., a doctoral dissertation or thesis, proceedings of a meeting, a full-text journal article or a book) should be cited by citation type.
   
   
2. ERIC Digests, short reports funded by the Department of Education and produced by experts in the field, should be cited using the "Technical/ResearchReport" citation type. 
   See  "How do I cite an online ERIC Digest?
   
   
3. Preprints, papers, essays, research studies and other informally published or self-archived work in ERIC (APA 7.09 #62) can be cited using the "Web Site" citation type, then selecting "Web page or document."

Your citation  will look like this:

Devlin, J. M., & Seidel, S. (2009). Music preferences and their relationship to behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes toward aggression. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED507397)